Answer:
Heredity
Explanation:
i have no idea
GL
Answer:yes it's Heredity
Explanation:
As the concentration of Greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere increases:
O air quality on Earth will improve.
O less solar radiation will be absorbed.
O the Earth will become cooler.
O the Earth will become warmer.
Question 5(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(04.01 MC)
Which statement describes the role of the organism indicated by the blue arrow in the food web?
Food web showing several different food chains. The blue arrow is pointing to an image of grass which is eaten by a wood duck and meadow vole. The wood ducks and meadow vole are then eaten by red tailed hawk.
© FLVS
Producers bring energy into the ecosystem by making organic molecules from sunlight or chemical compounds.
Producers bring new energy into an ecosystem by breaking down inorganic materials and making new ones.
Consumers feed other larger producers by breaking down organic molecules.
Consumers recycle organic molecules, like glucose, for other species to use as food.
I already picked B and it was wrong
The statement that describes the role of the organism indicated by the blue arrow in the food web is option A. Producers bring energy into the ecosystem by making organic molecules from sunlight or chemical compounds.
What is the Food web about?
Producers, such as the grass in the food web, use energy from the sun to make their own food through the process of photosynthesis. This process creates organic molecules, such as glucose, which can be used as a source of energy for other organisms in the ecosystem.
Therefore, this process not only provides food for the producers themselves but also for other organisms in the ecosystem. The glucose which is produced by the photosynthesis is used by the producers themselves, but also is a source of energy for herbivores (animals that eat plants) as well as other organisms that feed on herbivores. This process is crucial for the functioning of the ecosystem, as it provides the energy that supports the entire food web.
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A. What are 2 regions where jellyfish populations have increased?
B. What are 3 regions where jellyfish populations have decreased?
Jellyfish increase in the West of Denmark when the NAOI increases. Jellyfish decrease in the North of Scotland when the NAOI increases.
Is jelly fish a real fish?
Due to the fact that jellyfish do not fit the definition of a fish, they are not listed. Remember that a fish should have gills, fins, and a spine, all of which a jellyfish lacks.Thousands of tiny barbed stingers can be found on the lengthy tentacles that the jellyfish leaves behind, which can inject venom. Jellyfish stings typically result in immediate pain and red, swollen skin markings. More systemic (whole-body) disease (may) result from some stings. Furthermore, they can occasionally be fatal.Jellyfish that have washed ashore on the shore should never be touched. The venom in the tentacles of dead jellyfish can still sting when it comes in contact with them.In contrast to humans, jellyfish do not experience pain in the same manner. They lack a heart, brain, bones, and breathing system. They are made up of 95% water, and the only neurons they have are in a simple network that allows them to detect their surroundings.To learn more about jelly fish refer to:
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What is distinctive about Bhutan?
How does Bhutan’s government prioritize environmental ethics?
What features of Bhutan’s environment and energy use allow it to be carbon negative?
According to Tobgay, why are countries that once ignored Bhutan’s carbon negative pledge now impressed by it?
Tobgay discusses concrete indications that climate change has an impact on people. What do these include?
Do you think some of the environmental policies in place in Bhutan could be adapted to work in the United States? Which ones?
The answers include the following below:
Bhutan is distinct because of its steep mountains and deep valleys and unique philosophy of gross national happiness. Bhutan’s government prioritize environmental ethics by preserving 60 percent of its land under forest cover all the time.The feature of Bhutan’s environment and energy use which allow it to be carbon negative is that more than 70% of the country is covered in trees which acts as carbon sinks.Countries that once ignored Bhutan’s carbon negative pledge now are impressed by its impact on people.The concrete indications that climate change has an impact on people is the rising oceans and general food insufficiency.Some of the environmental policies in place in Bhutan could be adapted to work in the United States such as allowing energy use to be carbon negative.What is Climate change?This is referred to as the long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns and is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide etc.
Bhutan has been able to prioritize environmental ethics by preserving 60 percent of its land under forest cover all the time so as to reduce carbon emission and also to check the issue of climate change which is prevalent in the world.
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Which of the following is not a correct association of 3 lipid molecule and its specific function? Select one: a. beeswax: main structural component of the bee honeycomb b. phospholipid; main component of fats and oils C. wax: waterproof covering of plant leaves d, testosterone: steroid involved in muscle development in males e. cholesterol: stabilize cell membrane of animal cells
The following incorrectly associates three lipid molecules with their respective functions. Wax: waterproof covering of plant leaves.
Which three functional classes do nucleotides have?Nucleotides are units that repeat and make up each chain of the double helix. Three functional groups, a sugar, a triphosphate, and a nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) base, make up a single nucleotide.
Which 3 lipids make up the membrane?Phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids are the three main groups of membrane lipid molecules. The inner and outside monolayers of a cell membrane have diverse lipid compositions, which reflects the varied roles played by the two sides of the membrane.
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The female emperor penguin lays an egg and gives it to the male to keep warm on his feet in his pouch.
Answer: well yes male emperor penguins tend to take care of the egg while the female hunts
Explanation:
1.) State five mode of transmission of diseases causing organism.
Answer: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths (worms).
Explanation:
Answer:
Direct contact, fomites, aerosol (airborne), oral (ingestion), and vectorborne.
Extra:
Some microorganisms can be transmitted by more than one route.
Hope it helps! :)
Which of the following events In gene expression control does not occur In the nucleus? Muitiple Choice chromatin condensation MRNA translation DNA transcrIptlon mRNA processing transcriptlon factor binding
Among the mentioned options, mRNA translation does not occur in the nucleus.
Based on central dogma, the cell follows replication of DNA for division, transcription of mRNA for protein formation. The DNA is made of chromatin and hence is found in nucleus. Therefore, replication, transcription and mRNA processing occurs in the nucleus.
mRNA processing is done to protect the mRNA from degradation when it goes to ribosomes for translation. Transcription factors are proteins that bind to DNA and help in initiating the cellular response through protein formation.
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Why is there difference in the absorption spectrum of intact leaves from that of chlorophyll suspensions.
The absorption spectrum of intact leaves is different from that of chlorophyll suspensions because the intact leaves contain different pigments such as carotenoids, anthocyanins, in addition to chlorophyll, which are also absorbing light in different regions of the spectrum, and because chlorophyll is present in leaves as part of larger structures, such as chloroplasts, which can affect its absorption properties.
Chlorophyll is the main pigment responsible for the absorption of light energy in photosynthesis, and it absorbs light primarily in the blue and red regions of the spectrum. However, the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll is also affected by the presence of other pigments in leaves, such as carotenoids and anthocyanins.
In addition, chlorophyll is present in leaves as part of larger structures, such as chloroplasts, which can affect its absorption properties. Chloroplasts are surrounded by thylakoid membranes, which contain pigments such as carotenoids and phycobiliproteins that also absorb light.
The absorption spectrum of an intact leaf is the result of the combined absorption of carotenoids and phycobiliproteins pigments, as well as the effect of the thylakoid membranes on the absorption of light by chlorophyll.
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Which of the following explain(s) how epigenetic inheritance occurs? Select all that apply. A.Histone modifying enzymes are capable of propagating histone modifications from nucleosome to adjacent nucleosome. B. Base modifications on a DNA strand assist with the modification of histones. C. Histone modifying proteins are capable of independently remembering the specific modifications that need to be added to newly synthesized DNA. D. Following replication, modified histones associate with unmodified histones.
Base modifications on a DNA strand help in the modification of histones, and histone-modifying enzymes are capable of spreading histone modifications from one nucleosome to an adjacent nucleosome. The selected statements are 1 and 2.
Histones are the main proteins that make up eukaryotic chromatin and are involved in the regulation of genes. They are extremely basic proteins rich in lysine and arginine residues that serve as the spools around which nucleosomes, which are structural units made of DNA wound around it.
Important chromatin structure and gene transcription are regulated by histone modifications, which have an impact on a number of significant cellular abnormalities. Thus, histone is considered the key regulator of epigenetic inheritance.
The new DNA strands are similarly changed by the histone-modified enzymes as the old DNA. Inheritance patterns can therefore be passed on to the next generation. Epigenetic inheritance thus happens.
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Meiosis _________ the parental chromosome number.
A. mixes up
B. halves
C. maintains
D. doubles
Meiosis halves the parental chromosome number. Here option B is the correct answer.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half. The process of meiosis generates four haploid cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell.
Meiosis occurs in cells that produce gametes, such as sperm and eggs, and is responsible for the variation in genetic traits that can occur in offspring.
During meiosis, the chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through a process called crossing over. This exchange of genetic material generates new combinations of genes, increasing the genetic diversity of the resulting cells.
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Which of the following describes the signal reception part of the cell communication pathway
A signaling component that comes from outside the cell is picked up by a cell. the cell communication pathway's portion for receiving signals
What are the communication pathways?A message pathway in a communication diagram connects the roles or things represented by the diagram's lifelines. The interaction's pathway determines the components that can send messages.
Which five communication cycles are there?Idea generation, encoding, channel selection, decoding, and feedback are the five processes in the communication process.
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Atmospheric co2 from the past 500000 years is measured by looking at
Answer:
ocean cores
Explanation:
The decomposed organic matter is called_____
O Callose
O Callus
O Litter
O Humus
The decomposed organic matter is called humus.
Humus is the dark, organic material found in soil that is formed by the decomposition of plant and animal matter. It is made up of a mixture of decomposed plant material, microorganisms, and other organic matter. Humus is important for soil health as it improves soil structure, increases water-holding capacity, and provides essential nutrients to plants.
Humus also plays a role in carbon sequestration, helping to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Humus is a key component of healthy soils and is necessary for the growth of healthy plants and a thriving ecosystem.
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what would you expect the δg values to be for the two steps in the uncoupled reaction.
Approximately +1.3 kcal/mol is the delta G values to be for the two steps of the uncoupled process.
Chemical processes known as "uncoupled reactions" lack an energy-transfer intermediary state. The combining of glucose and fructose to generate sucrose is an example of an uncoupled process. Due to the large energy required, this reaction is thermodynamically undesirable.
The fluid-structure interaction is considered in a linked analysis. Although more accurate, such analysis is frequently difficult and time-consuming. An "uncoupled" study applies the blast loads to the structure in a different analysis after estimating them using empirical equations. G represents the shift in free energy.
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Throughout the world, especially the less-developed countries, burning wood or other biomass for heating or cooking in homes is common. One negative environmental impact of this practice is the production of particulates indoors, which can be a health hazard to humans.
Which of the following describes the best strategy for mitigating this potential problem?
answer choices
Installing effective ventilation systems in dwellings
Updating dwellings with well-sealed windows
Planting native plants around the dwelling
Equipping dwellings with rainwater collection systems
One negative environmental impact of this practice is the production of particulates indoors, which can be a health hazard to humans. The best strategy to deal with issue is Installing effective ventilation systems in dwellings and Planting native plants around the dwelling
Other negative health impacts from wood smoke emissions, which are addressed below, include coughing, wheezing, asthma attacks, heart attacks, and early death. Many of these contaminants can deteriorate both indoor and outdoor air quality. Installing effective ventilation system in dwellings helps to remove all the toxic smoke outside the house making it less hazardous to health. Planting trees near helps to purify the air and helps the environment.
Some VOCs released by wood-burning stoves, like benzene, have been linked to cancer. As an asthma trigger, formaldehyde can make patients cough, get headaches, or experience eye irritation. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) - It is thought that long-term exposure to PAHs increases the risk of developing cancer. Hence, it is essential to protect the dwelling and not letting the production of harmful particles indoor.
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A negative environmental impact of this practice is the indoor generation of particles that can be harmful to human health. The best way to deal with this problem is to install an effective ventilation system in your home and plant native plants around your home.
Other adverse health effects from wood smoke emissions discussed below include coughing, wheezing, asthma attacks, heart attacks, and premature death. Many of these pollutants can degrade both indoor and outdoor air quality. Installing an effective ventilation system in your home will remove all toxic fumes outside your home, making it less of a health hazard. Planting trees nearby helps purify the air and help the environment. Some VOCs emitted from wood stoves, such as benzene, have been associated with cancer. As an asthma trigger, formaldehyde can cause coughs, headaches, or eye irritation in patients. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) – Long-term exposure to PAHs is thought to increase cancer risk. It is Therefore, it is important to protect your home and not let it generate harmful particles indoors.
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A tomato plant that has pest-resistance genes inserted into its genome can be called a(n): O transgenic organism. O mutated organism. O cloned organism. O poisonous organism. O unnatural organism.
A tomato plant that has pest-resistance genes inserted into its genome can be called a transgenic organism.
If one or more foreign DNA sequences from another species have been intentionally added to the genome of an organism or cell, it is referred to as being transgenic. Transgenic organisms are developed in laboratories for scientific research.
When investigating the role of a gene, transgenic organisms are useful to study tools. Transgenesis and gene therapy, a medical procedure in which DNA is inserted into a patient's cells to treat illness, are similar concepts. In agriculture, transgenic organisms are widely used.
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In hydrochloric acid (HCI), chlorine has greater electronegativity than hydrogen. Therefore, View Available Hint(s) O the H side of an HCl molecule would have a slight negative charge O HCl is a nonpolar molecule O H and Cl cannot interact chemically O the H side of an HCl molecule would have a slight positive charge
In hydrochloric acid (HCI), chlorine has greater electronegativity than hydrogen. Therefore, the H side of an HCl molecule would have a slight positive charge.
In chemistry, an atom's or functional group's ability to attract electrons to itself is referred to as its electronegativity. The electronegativity of an atom depends on its atomic number and the distance of its valence electrons from its charged nucleus.
Electronegativity is the property of an atom to attract shared electrons in a covalent bond. The degree of electronegativity of an element increases with how well it draws the shared electrons.
Its electronegativity is a measure of an atom's propensity to attract electrons (or electron density) to itself. It regulates how the shared electrons are distributed among the two atoms in a bond. An atom will aggressively pull electrons from its bonds if its electronegativity is high.\
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Which one of the following answers is not one of Koch’s postulates on causality? a. The organism must be observed in every case of disease.
b. The organism must be isolated and grown in pure culture. c. The pure culture must, when inoculated into a susceptible animal, reproduce the disease. d. The organism, must be observed in, and recovered from, the experimental animal. e. The organism must produce a dose-response relationship.
Koch's postulates on causality are not one of the following replies; the organism must be monitored in every case of sickness.
What is excluded from Koch's postulates?Viruses (which are obligatory intracellular parasites) and asymptomatic carriers are more recent notions in microbial pathogenesis that cannot be studied using Koch's postulates.
The one that best explains Koch's postulate?These are Koch's postulates: Each and every instance of the sickness must be caused by the bacteria. The germs must be separated from the diseased host and raised in pure culture. If a healthy susceptible host is infected with a pure culture of the bacteria, the specific sickness must be replicated.
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In the diagram below of the ara operon, what is the sugar composition of the media?
O Glucose and arabinose are present O No glucose, but arabinose is present O Glucose present and no arabinose O No glucose and no arabinose
Option D, No glucose and no arabinose is the sugar composition of the media.
In the case of the ara operon, if there is no glucose or arabinose present in the media, the operon will not be active. The ara operon is a genetic regulatory system that controls the expression of genes involved in the metabolism of arabinose, a sugar that is structurally similar to glucose.
The operon is controlled by a repressor protein that binds to a specific DNA sequence, called the operator, and prevents the transcription of the genes in the operon.
When arabinose is present in the media, it binds to the repressor protein and changes its shape, preventing it from binding to the operator.
This allows the genes in the operon to be transcribed and the enzymes needed to metabolize arabinose to be produced.
If glucose is present in the media, the cells will use it as a preferred energy source and won't need to express the ara operon. If neither glucose nor arabinose is present in the media, the operon will not be active, and the enzymes needed to metabolize arabinose will not be produced.
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Question 21
Match the items.
epinephrine
norepinephrine
outer brain covering
middle brain covering
cerebrum
[Choose ]
[Choose ]
[Choose ]
[Choose]
[Choose ]
<
<
>
>
The brain's largest region is the cerebrum. The cerebral hemispheres are the two portions that make up this division.
What does the word "cerebral" mean?educated, serious, and preferring serious contemplation to emotion: His personality was the issue rather than his policies. Simply put, he was too intellectual and out of touch with Middle America. Thesaurus: instances, synonyms, and antonyms.
Is being cerebral a compliment?It was a praise if the speaker thinks of being cerebral as something to be admired. Yes, it was plainly meant as a complement if, for instance, the speaker was praising your sense of logic and intelligence.
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If you cross two small pea plants that are heterozygous for height, what is the chance that their offspring will be short and what is the chance of the offspring being tall?
Answer:
3:4 or 75% or 3/4
Don't know if that's the answer you're looking for or not but here. You could be needing a dehybrid cross not a monohybrid cross.
how might one determine the influence of caat boxes on the transcription rate of a given gene?
Measuring transcription rate and determining the effect of CAAT boxes on it can be done through techniques such as quantitative PCR and ChIP-qPCR, which can measure the amount of RNA and protein bound to the CAAT box, respectively.
In more details, One way to determine the influence of CAAT boxes on Measuring transcription rate and determining the effect of CAAT boxes on it can be done through techniques such as quantitative PCR and ChIP-qPCR, which can measure the amount of RNA and protein bound to the CAAT box, respectively.
In more details, One way to determine the influence of CAAT boxes on transcription rate is by measuring the amount of RNA (messenger RNA or mRNA) that is transcribed from a given gene. This can be done using quantitative PCR (qPCR) or RNA-seq, which can quantify the amount of mRNA present in a sample. Another way to determine the influence of CAAT boxes on transcription rate is by measuring the amount of protein that binds to the CAAT box. This can be done using ChIP-qPCR (chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by qPCR), which can measure the amount of a specific protein bound to a specific DNA sequence. These techniques can be used to compare the transcription rate and protein binding in samples with and without CAAT boxes and determine their effect on gene expression. is by measuring the amount of RNA (messenger RNA or mRNA) that is transcribed from a given gene. This can be done using quantitative PCR (qPCR) or RNA-seq, which can quantify the amount of mRNA present in a sample. Another way to determine the influence of CAAT boxes on transcription rate is by measuring the amount of protein that binds to the CAAT box. This can be done using ChIP-qPCR (chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by qPCR), which can measure the amount of a specific protein bound to a specific DNA sequence. These techniques can be used to compare the transcription rate and protein binding in samples with and without CAAT boxes and determine their effect on gene expression.
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a mutation can produce a different beak size of the new beak size is better at food collection the birds that have it will survive longer and reproduce more
A more or less permanent change to the genetic code (the genome) of a cell in a living thing or of a virus that can be passed on to the descendants of the original cell or virus.
What is mutation?A somatic mutation—a change in the DNA of a body cell of a multicellular organism—can be passed on to progeny cells by DNA replication, resulting in a sector or patch of cells with defective function, such as cancer. Germinal mutations, which occur in the egg or sperm cells, can cause an individual's progeny to have all of their cells have the mutation. This frequently results in some catastrophic dysfunction, like in the case of a human genetic disorder like cystic fibrosis.
This is an example of natural selection, where certain traits that are beneficial for an organism's survival and reproduction are more likely to be passed on to future generations. In this case, the mutation that produces a larger beak size is beneficial for food collection, so birds that have this trait are more likely to survive and reproduce. Over time, this can lead to the prevalence of birds with larger beak sizes in a population.
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Please help!! I DONT understand what its asking to do:
The image does not show orders of insects. Suggest three categories of insects that would likely
be grouped into orders. Hint: think about what kind of insects there are. Add your three categories to The image.
Taxonomy groups individuals into different categories according to their characteristics, evolution, and relationship with different organisms. In the exposed example, the three insecta orders are Odonata, Lepidoptera, and Coleoptera.
What is taxonomy?
Taxonomy is the study of different organisms, their classification into categories according to their morphological and molecular characteristics and their evolutionary relationships, and assigning to each of them a binomial name.
The categories where organisms are classified are:
Domains are the highest taxonomic category in which living beings can be grouped or divided. There are three domains: archaea, bacteria, and eukarya.Kingdom: Includes different phyla closely relates. The bacteria domain includes the Eubacteria kingdom. The archaea domain includes the archaebacteria kingdom. Finally, the eukarya domain is divided into four kingdoms: Protist, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.Phylum: Includes different classes closely related.Class: Includes different orders closely relates.Order: Includes different families closely relatedFamily: Includes different genera closely relatesGenus: Includes many species.SpeciesIn the exposed image, we have many organisms from the animalia kingdom, grouped into different phylums, classes, orders, families, genus, and species.
One of the phylums emerging from kingdom animalia is phylum arthropoda.
Arthropoda is divided into two classes, one of them is insecta.
Now, we need to suggest three possible insecta orders. These are,
Order OdonataOrder LepidopteraOrder ColeopteraSo, in the image, from class insecta you can open three arrows and write each of these orders.
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The three main parts of the cell are the nucleus, the cell membrane, and the _____.
Answer:the cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm.
Explanation:The cell membrane surrounds the cell and controls the substances that go into and out of the cell. The nucleus is a structure inside the cell that contains the nucleolus and most of the cell's DNA. It is also where most RNA is made.
Sustainable development provides for human needs while still preserving ecosystem services. Do you think hydroelectric power, an important renewable source of electricity world-wide, meets these criteria?
Yes, hydroelectricity is a significant renewable energy source that has been developed to meet human requirements.
What are the 3 main focuses of sustainable development?Harmonizing three key factors—economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection—is essential for sustainable development. All of these factors are important for the welfare of people and society and are interrelated.
What primary goal does sustainable development have?The Sustainable Development Objectives (SDGs) seek to alter the course of global affairs. They serve as a demand for action to eradicate poverty and injustice, safeguard the environment, and guarantee that everyone can live in peace, justice, and prosperity. ensuring that the basic requirements of future generations are likewise met.
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The following data were obtained in a study of an enzyme known to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics: V0 Substrate added
(mol/min) (mmol/L)
_____________________
217 0,8
325 2
433 4
488 6
647 1.000
______________________
The K_m for this enzyme is approximately:
O 1mM
O 1,000mM
O 2mM
O 4mM
O 6 mM
The K_m for this enzyme is approximately 2mM of an enzyme known to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics. A broad description of the speed and basic mechanism of enzyme-catalyzed reactions is provided by Michaelis-Menten kinetics.
The term was first stated in 1913 and presupposes that an enzyme and its substrate quickly and irreversibly form a complex. It also presupposes that the complex's concentration directly correlates with how quickly the product, P, forms. When the substrate concentration is very high and all the spots on the enzyme molecules where catalytic activity may occur are filled with substrate, the rate of this reaction is at its highest. These correlations serve as the foundation for all kinetic studies of enzymes and have also been used to examine how carriers affect how chemicals are transported through cell membranes.
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During exercise, energy demand in the muscles increases. Which other body system directly
provides for this demand?
circulatory
nervous
skeletal
integumentary
When you engage in routine exercise, your muscles will produce Adenosine Triphosphate from both blood glucose and stored glycogen liver glycogen cannot be used directly ATP. However, this capacity is quickly depleted.
ATP: What Is It?All living things include the crucial "energy molecule" adenosine 5′-triphosphate, also known as ATP and typically written without the 5′-. It is a coenzyme specifically used to deliver energy to cells by generating its phosphate groups in conjunction with enzymes like ATP triphosphatase.
How does ATP become an energy source?Adenosine diphosphate, or ADP, is what it is termed if it contains two phosphates. Adenosine triphosphate, which releases electrons when one of its three phosphate securities breaks off to form ADP, is the universal power source for all living cells. Lipmann concentrated on phosphate bonds as that of the key to ATP being this source of energy.
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Jellyfish:
What force do the stinging cells sting at?
Jellyfish are transparent and made up of 95 percent water, so you’d think there isn’t much to them.
What is transparent?If an item or substance is transparent, light can pass through it completely and you can see clearly through it. Transparent materials are used in many products and objects, including glasses! Glass and plastic are two materials that are frequently used to make transparent objects. These things allow light to pass through easily, so you can see clearly through them.
Glass is used to make windows because of this. The commonplace items lightbulbs and mirrors are also made of transparent materials.Translucent objects allow some light to pass through them, but because the light is scattered, it is difficult to see clearly through them.
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