Your nerves somehow allow this signal to pass through and, like magic, it causes that large muscle to contract. If it's okay, we'll concentrate on it as the question directly refers to the muscular contraction. We move ahead to the motor neuron, where the brain's action potential has already reached the muscle. Motor units, which are made up of an upper and a lower motor neuron, are used to control muscles. The top motor neurons, or the neuron that transmits signals from the brain, are represented by the tracts above. After connecting to lower motor neurons, upper motor neurons link to the muscle. The basic structure of your muscles is fibers inside fibers inside fibers. Sarcomeres, the smallest unit, are made up of sections that are separated by Z-lines. We have two filaments, actin and myosin, between the Z-lines. The M-line is where Myosin is connected, while Actin is a long, thin filament attached to the Z-line. The actin will be pulled by the myosin, which will cause the Z-lines to constrict inward toward the M-line. The bigger structures will follow if many of these tiny fibers do this at once, triggering the contraction of the entire muscle. The Sliding Filament Model of contraction is used to describe this.
A single Actin and Myosin pair appears quite similar if we zoom in on it. Myosin and actin do not contact when your muscles are at rest, yet they have a strong attraction for one another (they really want to touch). If not for two proteins (tropomyosin and troponin) linked to the Actin filament, they would touch. As we are still awaiting a signal, we slightly zoom out.
An action potential is sent by the lower motor neuron, which causes Acetylcholine to be released into the synapses. This results in an inflow of sodium, which changes the voltage and spreads the signal.
The action potential is no longer in the neuron but rather within the muscle. The Sarcolemma is struck by the action potential as it travels through the muscle cells.
The Sarcolemma has tubes that penetrate the cell deeply (T-Tubules). The Action Potential is sent at the Sarcomeres via these tubes.
Calcium is continually being pumped out of the cell by the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, which houses the sarcomeres (these pumps use ATP as energy). Additionally, it has voltage-gated calcium channels that are still closed that line it.
The Voltage Gated Calcium channels open when the T-Tubules produce an action potential, allowing calcium to flood the cell.
The two proteins that surround the actin are now activated by calcium. When calcium attaches to troponin, a shape shift occurs (as proteins do when they bind). The active strands are revealed as the troponin pulls tropomyosin in its direction.
Now that the Actin sites are revealed, the Myosin is free to bind to them. However, myosin, which used some ATP and broke it down into ADP and phosphate, is the only protein that can actually do this. This myosin, which has been "charged," extends. It remains put, clinging to ADP+Phosphate like a loaded weapon.
The myosin unleashes its energy and rushes toward the exposed Actin now that it is primed and prepared. Once more, it alters form by dragging the acting and moving it inside.As soon as the bullet was shot, all of the energy necessary to divide ATP into ADP and phosphate was used up, and the split chemicals were released back into the cell (the release occurs because myosin changed it shape and in this state no longer has a strong affinity for them). The mitochondria will reuse them at this location and transform them back into ATP.Myosin does have a high affinity for ATP in this condition, which causes ATP to attach to it once again. Myosin is released from Actin by this binding, which results in another shape shift. Myosin is therefore brought back to its primed and prepared condition. Actin may be drawn in little further if it fires once more.As a result, the two Z-lines are pulled toward the centre by the Myosin, and the sarcomere contracts.
Since the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum's calcium pumps are actively pumping calcium out, calcium ultimately dissociates from Troponin. Actin is rendered unavailable to myosin as a result of the protection being reset. The fun is gone now because Myosin can no longer link to the actin, and when an action potential occurs, the cycle restarts.
And that’s how a signal from the nervous system, an action potential, can cause a muscle to contract. Isn’t nature cool?
how would you define a fruit? how can fruit be helpful in seed dispersal?
Answer:
Defined: the sweet and fleshy product of a tree or other plant that contains seed and can be eaten as food.
These fruits, including the seeds, are eaten by animals who then disperse the seeds when they defecate
Explanation:
Hope it helps?
two uses of carbohydrate made in photosynthesis?
Two uses of carbohydrate made by photosynthesis are Source of energy and usage in biochemical synthesis.
Carbohydrate is one of most essential nutrient for most of the organisms. It is made after plant performs photosynthesis. It has many usage in plants which includes source of energy, biochemical synthesis, repairing of leaf cells and building of cellular structure etc.
Source of energy : Carbohydrates are a rich source of energy in plants, they store carbs in the form of starch and sugar which gives plants surplus supply of energy.Biochemical synthesis : Breakdown of carbs creates other essential chemicals and compounds which are essential for biochemical processes in plants.Learn more about Carbohydrates here,
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Why do producers rely on consumers
How was DNA first discovered?
DNA was first discovered in 1869 by Swiss researcher Friedrich Miescher.
Friedrich Miescher initially sought to study the composition of lymphoid cells (white blood cells). Instead, he isolated new molecules called nucleins (DNA containing associated proteins) from the cell nucleus. Miescher was the first to define DNA as a distinct molecule, but several other researchers and scientists have contributed to the relative understanding of DNA as we know it today. And it wasn't until the early 1940s that the study and understanding of DNA's role in heredity began. further, it was found that DNA has a double helix structure.
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It is an organic compounds serve as the genetic information storage molecules and also provide information to make proteins.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an organic compound that serves as the genetic information storage molecule and provides information to make proteins.
What is DNA?
DNA is an organic compound that stores genetic information and provides information to make proteins.
DNA is an organic molecule (containing carbon) that has a double helix structure. It is formed from two strands that bind together by hydrogen bonds between base portions.
DNA stores genetic information in sequences of four bases of nucleic acid; adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). Each base, A, T, C, and G considered as a letter that spells out biological messages in the chemical structure. Organisms differ from one another because they have different nucleotide sequences and cause different messages.
These nucleotide sequences act as the instruction for producing protein. Therefore DNA messages encode the protein.
For example, the nucleotide sequence of the beta-globin gene. This gene carries the information for the amino acid sequence of the hemoglobin molecule.
Thus, structurally DNA is an organic compound that stores information in the form of nucleotide sequences, for making proteins.
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A dna mutation changes the shape of the extracellular.a. Trueb. False
Answer:
True
These variants likely alter the shape of the protein, impairing its ability to bind to actin and other proteins
Explanation:
A mutation is a random change to an organism's DNA sequence. • Most mutations have no effect on traits, but some mutations affect the expression of a gene
The molecule that normally binds to protein AA will no longer attach, deactivating the cellular response.
true or false? Based on the concepts of kinetic molecular theory, if the kinetic energy of atoms goes up, then the temperature will go up.
The statement "based on the concepts of kinetic molecular theory, if the kinetic energy of atoms goes up, then the temperature will go up" is definitely true.
What is the Kinetic molecular theory?The kinetic molecular theory may be stated that the average kinetic energy of a gas particle depends only on the temperature of the gas.
The average kinetic energy of a collection of gas particles depends on the temperature of the gas and nothing else. So, if the kinetic energy of atoms goes up, then the temperature will definitely increase gradually in a closed system.
Therefore, the statement "based on the concepts of kinetic molecular theory, if the kinetic energy of atoms goes up, then the temperature will go up" is definitely true.
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Which of these could be an example of a freshwater wetland?A. SwampB. PondC. ForestD. Lake
Swamp could be an example of a freshwater wetland.
In general , swamps, marshes, and bogs are the three major kinds of wetlands. Swamp is considered as a wetland that is permanently saturated with water and dominated by trees. Example of two main types of swamps are freshwater swamps and saltwater swamps.
Hence, Ponds and lakes are example of both inland bodies of freshwater containing creatures. Wetlands can also be tidal or non-tidal in nature they can either contain freshwater, brackish, or saltwater. Example of different types of freshwater wetlands are marsh, bog, fen, swamp, mire and slough. So , Wetlands considered as shallow lakes not created due to tectonic activities.
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Which of the following best describes natural selection?AA populations gene frequencies change over time.BIndividuals develop useful adaptations in response to environmental stress.CIndividuals with the most favorable traits survive and reproduce.DSome individuals in a population will survive longer than other members of the population.
Natural selection is said to have occurred when individuals having the most favorable traits survive and reproduce.
Natural selection is a very key mechanism of evolution in which only the organisms or the individuals of a population which have desirable traits or characteristics are naturally selected and survive whereas the ones which do not have any desirable characteristics do not survive. This concept was given by the naturalist Charles Darwin.
The genes which bring about variations in an organism's genotype and give the organism a survival advantage over others are preserved and protected and are passed on to the next generation.
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When you weigh ammonia, what fraction of it is hydrogen?Answer Options:A. 3/17B. 3/4​
Hydrogen and nitrogen, which are both nonmetals, are found in ammonia. With the three hydrogens present, nitrogen thus forms three covalent bonds.
Ammonia consists of three hydrogen atoms and one nitrogen atom. Hydrogen nitride is another name for it. Ammonia therefore contains nitrogen and hydrogen in a 14:3 mass ratio. Hydrogen and nitrogen, which are both nonmetals, are found in ammonia. With the three hydrogens present, nitrogen thus forms three covalent bonds.
In ammonia, the bond with a proton (H +) is formed by the lone electron pair on the nitrogen atom (N), which is depicted as a line above the N. After that, each of the four N–H bonds, which are polar covalent bonds, is equivalent. The ion isoelectronic with methane and the borohydride anion and has a tetrahedral structure.
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When I weigh ammonia, fraction of hydrogen is A)3/17.So,correct option is A. Molecular formula of ammonia is NH₃.
For finding the fraction of hydrogen in ammonia, we need to know about the molecular mass of ammonia. By knowing the molecular mass we can easily find the fraction of hydrogen in it.
We know that molecular mass of ammonia is =Molecular mass of Nitrogen + 3 ˣ Molecular mass of Hydrogen. Since, molecular mass of hydrogen is 1 gm and molecular mass of nitrogen is 14g.
So, molecular mass of ammonia is = (3 ˣ 1) + 14
=>molecular mass of ammonia is =17g.
Now,taking about fraction of hydrogen in it=(total mass of hydrogen) / total mass of ammonia
=>Fraction is =3/17
Hence,correct option is A.
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(Complete question) is:
When you weigh ammonia, what fraction of it is hydrogen?Answer Options:A. 3/17 B. 3/4 C)3/5 D)3//14
What kind of process is the phosphorus cycle?
The phosphorus cycle is a kind of biogeochemical process.
The phosphorus cycle is a kind of biogeochemical process in which phosphorus moves through the environment, including the biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. The process is driven by both natural and human factors, and it is closely connected to other biogeochemical cycles such as the carbon and water cycles.
In the natural process, Phosphorus enters the ecosystem through weathering of rocks and minerals, and it is taken up by plants through the roots. Then, the phosphorus is passed along the food chain from plants to herbivores to carnivores. Once the organisms die, the phosphorus is returned to the soil through decomposition by microorganisms, and the cycle continues. Human activities such as agriculture and mining can also affect the phosphorus cycle by releasing or removing large amounts of phosphorus from the ecosystem.
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Excessive matting of the hair is referred to as:
Answer:
plica polonica
Explanation:
Pilca polonica. A condition in which beads or nodes form in the hair shaft is called: Monilethrix. A disorder that refers to a chronic scalp condition with excessive flaking, which accumulates on the scalp or falls to the shoulders, is known as dandruff or. Pityriasis.
Which table best compares the parent cell to the daughter cells in the process of meiosis?
Meiosis gives rise to four unique daughter cells each of which has half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
What is meiosis?
Meiosis is a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes the sex cells or egg and sperm. In humans body or somatic cells are diploid containing two sets of chromosomes one from each parent.
Meiosis has distinct stages called :
prophase MetaphaseAnaphase PelophaseTherefore the purpose of meiosis is to produce gametes or sex cells. During meiosis four daughter cells are produced each of which are haploid containing half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
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Consider the following scenario - You’ve read about how air pollution can result in acid rain and now you’re wondering how it may affect the plants in your garden. Hypothesis: Independent Variable: _____
Dependent Variable: _____
Constants: _____
Control Group: _____
Experimental Group: _____
In an experiment about how air pollution can result in acid rain and now you’re wondering how it may affect the plants in your garden the hypothesis is that air pollution affects plant life, Independent Variable is the amount of acid rain, the dependent variable is the rate of plant growth, constants are temperature and humidity, the control group is the growth of another species (e.g. an insect species) and the experimental group are the plant species in the garden.
What is the dependent variable?The dependent variable in an experiment is one that is modified by the independent variable which is the cause of its change, while constant conditions stay the same and the target group is the experimental group.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the dependent variable and independent variable are mutually related and do not affect the constant conditions.
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Which of the following ways is most likely to decrease the genetic diversity in a population?AGene mutationBGenetic recombinationCStabilising natural selectionDImmigration of individuals
Answer:So, the correct answer is 'Stabilising natural selection'.
Explanation:
Look at the diagram. Which of these gives the best account of how the islands were formed?
(A) Magma rises over the hot spot and forms an island. The plate moves, and another island forms.
(B) There are many hot spots along the plate boundaries. Each one forms a single island.
(C) The plate boundaries collide and form many volcanoes along the plate boundaries.
(D) As magma heats up in the mantle, it flows along the lithosphere and forms many islands
An island is formed by magma rising over the hot point. A new island is created as a result of plate movement.
What does the term "magma" mean?Under the surface of the Earth, magma is rock that is partially liquid and extremely hot. Lava is the term used to describe magma that flows onto the Earth's surface.
Magma a sort of rock?The source of igneous rocks is magma, a rock that is molten or partially molten. While melts of carbonate and sulfur do occasionally occur, it mostly consists of silicate liquid. Lava is ejected from magma that has either migrated to great depths or the Earth's surface.
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What is the waste product of anaerobic exercise?
The waste product of anaerobic exercise is lactic acid.
During anaerobic exercise, such as weightlifting or sprinting, the body's demand for energy exceeds the oxygen supply to the muscles. The body then turns to anaerobic metabolism, which generates energy through the breakdown of glucose without the use of oxygen. This process produces lactic acid as a byproduct.
Lactic acid is also known as lactate and it causes the burning sensation in muscles during high-intensity exercise, when the accumulation of lactate exceeds the body's ability to remove it. The accumulation of lactic acid can also cause muscle fatigue, which is why anaerobic activities are typically of shorter duration than aerobic activities.
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the court found the soldier guilty on the basis of the womans remarkable memory for dates and details that apparently eliminated all other possible fathers what are the possible genotypes for these three people
Genotypes of The Soldier's Blood Type: IOIO The O blood group only contains antigen O. Mother's blood type genotypes are IAIO.
What are the three genotype types?
There are three different genotype types: homozygous dominant (PP), homozygous recessive (PP), & heterozygous (Pp). The traits are the same in homozygous dominant and heterozygous genotypes.
Why is genotype important?
Similar to the term "genome," "genotype" in one meaning refers to the total collection of genes present in an organism's cells. However, in a more restricted meaning, it can refer to various alleles, or variant versions, of a gene for specific features or qualities.
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Write the equation for photosynthesis.
(hint - there are answers/questions within this assessment that can help you)
2Points
You can write the equation using the chemical formulas or words and do not forget to include the arrow in the middle of your equation.
(Please tell me exactly what you mean/are referring to in your answer as I cannot assume what you are telling me in your answer.)
Answer:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy ⇒ C6H12O6 + 6 O2
where:
CO2 = Carbon Dioxide
H2O = Water
light energy = energy from light (photons)
C6H12O6 = glucose (a simple sugar)
O2 = Oxygen
Explanation:
Pretend you are MEIOSIS. Write a letter to your body letting it know how important MEIOSIS is for your body to function and carry out life. You must include the following words: gametes, haploid, diploid, chromosomes, crossing-over, fertilization.
The letter to my body letting it know how important MEIOSIS is for your body to function and carry out life is written below.
The letter to my bodyDear body,
Meiosis here, writing to remind you of the essential part I play in your capacity to operate and go about living your life. Without me, it would not be possible to produce genetically different gametes, which are the reproductive cells.
As you may know, one of my main responsibilities is converting a cell's diploid to haploid chromosome count. For gametes to develop into healthy, viable individuals, cell division is necessary. The process of fertilization and subsequent life-cycle continuation would not be possible without chromosomal reduction.
Through the process of crossing-over, in which genes from various chromosomes can be transferred, genetic diversity is also expanded during my process. As a result, each gamete develops a distinctive combination of genetic information, which is essential for the survival of subsequent generations.
In a nutshell, my job in your body is to reduce the number of chromosomes and facilitate crossing-over so that healthy, genetically varied gametes are produced. Fertilization and life's continuation would not be conceivable without me. To ensure that I can continue to perform my duties effectively, please remember to take good care of both me and the cells I deal with.
Yours Sincerely,
Meiosis
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OtWhich part of the cell theory did Schleiden help establish with his observation of plant material?
O A. Cells were named by Robert Hooke.
OB. Nonliving things are made up of cells.
OC. All cells come from existing cells.
O D. All organisms are made of one or more cells.
Answer:
C. All cells come from existing cells.
Explanation:
Schleiden observed plant material and concluded that all plant tissue was made up of cells, which helped to establish the cell theory that all cells come from existing cells.
Among all primates, humans have the:
Among all primates, humans have the largest brain corresponding to the brain size.
In general, characteristic that primates were having are the eyes with Forward projection they also have a protruding fields of view that allow depth perception. Also the eye sockets are having ring and cups surrounded by bones . A unique feature like extruding hands with long fingers to curl around objects.
We can say that Human DNA is almost 95-96% identical to the DNA most distant primate species, and nearly 99% similar to our closest relatives, like chimpanzees . Humans are considered to have significantly larger brain then primates.
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Identify the part of the neuromuscular junction at B:
a. A Axon Terminal
b. Dendrites
c. Axon branches
d. Muscle fiber
Part of the neuromuscular junction at B is the axon terminal. Here option A is the correct answer.
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the site where a motor neuron's axon terminal (part B in the image) makes contact with a muscle fiber (part D in the image).
At the axon terminal, the motor neuron releases a chemical neurotransmitter called acetylcholine (ACh) which diffuses across the synapse and binds to receptors on the muscle fiber, leading to the contraction of the muscle.
Dendrites are the branches of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons, and Axon branches are the branches of the axon that send signals to other neurons or muscle fibers.
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PLSS HELP ASAP!!!!!!!
What do dairy shorthorns eat and how they affect milk production?
White, red, and the colour "road," which is a very close combination of red and white, are the coat colours of milking Shorthorns.
What is the purpose of shorthorn milk?These resilient cows have rapid healing times and are healthy enough to reproduce sooner. The best protein-to-fat ratio of all the dairy breeds is found in shorthorn milk, which is advantageous when selling your milk for cheese.
How much milk is produced by a Shorthorn?Shorthorns being milked This breed is English in origin. The Milking Shorthorn is known for being a good milker and has a wide range of adaptability. Each cycle, a typical cow produces 15,400 lbs. (6,990 kg) (or 1880 gallons) of milk with a 3.8% butterfat and a 3.3% total protein content
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Dietary ___ is a tough complex carbohydrate that the body is unable to digest.
Answer:
fiber
Explanation:
Fiber is a type of carbohydrate that the body can't digest. Though most carbohydrates are broken down into sugar molecules called glucose, fiber cannot be broken down into sugar molecules, and instead it passes through the body undigested
All capillary beds are continuously perfused with blood.
True of False
Answer: False
Explanation: During exercise the capillary beds in the muscles are perfused with blood, while capillary beds around the GI tract are closed off to allow for sufficient blood flow to the muscles.
How would the carbon cycle be disrupted if human activities released an extremely large amount of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere?
A)Plants would have more difficulty engaging in photosynthesis, and a massive amount would die off.
B)Plants and animals in Earth's oceans would have more difficulty processing carbon dioxide, and carbonification would not occur in
deep marine soils.
C)Animals would have more difficulty breathing, and it would be years before the air contained a healthy amount of oxygen.
D)Humans would have difficulty burning wood and fossil fuels, and it would take years before the air contained a healthy amount of
bicarbonate (HCO3-).
Plants and animals in Earth's oceans would have more difficulty processing carbon dioxide and carbonification would not occur in deep marine soils. The correct option is B
What is carbon cycle?
Carbon cycle can be defined as the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of Earth.
There are four steps of carbon cycle such as :
Carbon enters the atmosphere as CO2CO2 is absorbed by autotrophs such as green plantsAnimals consume plants thereby incorporating carbon into their systemAnimals and plants die their bodies decompose and carbon is reabsorbed back into the atmosphereTherefore, The correct option is B
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If the input and output of carbon is balanced in the carbon cycle, what can be generalized about the resident times of carbon in organisms?.
Due to the fact that carbon is expelled as soon as it is absorbed, the resident time would be zero.
What is a healthy carbon cycle?The carbon cycle is essential to life on Earth. Because nature tends to keep carbon levels in balance, the amount of carbon that is naturally released from reservoirs equals the amount that is naturally absorbed by reservoirs. By maintaining this carbon balance, the planet can support life indefinitely.
Why is it important for the carbon cycle to remain balanced?The carbon cycle appears to sustain a balance over time that prevents all of the carbon on Earth from either entering the atmosphere (as is the case on Venus) or from being totally stored in rocks. The Earth's temperature is largely maintained by this equilibrium.
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In the tropical rainforest plants must compete for
This plant is Macaranga hypoleuca. Compare its leaves to those of the plants around it. What is the relationship between the leaves of this plant, photosynthesis, and competition with neighboring plants
The three important functions of individual plants that determine the process of canopy development and competition are as follows:
Resource acquisition plasticity.Morphogenetic plasticity.Architectural variation in the efficiency of interception and utilization of light. What is Competition?Competition may be characterized as a type of interaction between organisms or species in which both require a resource that is in limited supply. It lowers the fitness of both organisms involved since the presence of one of the organisms always reduces the number of resources available to the other.
In the tropical rainforest plants must compete for sunlight, nutrients, and other resources. The relationship between the leaves of this plant is that they receive less sunlight due to this, the rate of photosynthesis is typically low. As a result of this, it faces more competition with the neighboring plants.
Therefore, the three important functions of individual plants that determine the process of canopy development and competition are well described above.
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Can some help me please
The parts of Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP) molecules include adenine, ribose and phosphate groups.
What is the purpose of ATP?Cells consume and store energy from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy source. Adenine, ribose, and three serially bound phosphate groups make up the structure of ATP, which is a nucleoside triphosphate. The ATP that is produced during food digestion is what animals use to store their energy. Similar to this, plants use ATP molecules to store the energy they obtain from light during photosynthesis.
Where does ATP contain its energy?In ATP, the bonds holding the phosphate groups together serve as energy storage. More specifically, ATP's second and third phosphate groups are where the energy is kept. The third phosphate group separates from ATP when the cell needs energy, releasing energy in that bond.
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