The ratio of the molar concentrations of H2PO₄⁻ to H3PO₄ is 0.09
The ratio of the molar concentrations of at a pH of 7.40, CO₃²⁻ to HCO₃⁻ is 1:1.
Molar concentration – what is it?The number of moles of a solute per liter of solution is referred to as molar concentration or molarity.
When the reaction's balanced equation is
H₂CO₃(aq) → HCO₃ -(aq) + (H⁺)
Ka = 4.3 x10⁻⁷ and PH = 7.4
To get PKa = -㏒ Ka
PKa = -㏒(4.3x10⁻⁷) = 6.37 by changing the Pka value in the formula below:
PH = Pka + ㏒[salt/acid]
PH= PKa + ㏒[HCO3-]/[H2CO3]
㏒[HCO⁻₃]/[H₂CO₃] = PH-Pka
[HCO₃⁻] /[H₂CO₃] = 10^(7.4 - 6.37)
∴[HCO₃⁻]/[H₂CO₃] = 11.7
∴[H₂CO₃]/[HCO₃⁻] = 1/11.7 = 0.09
This is due to the fact that the two ions are in equilibrium at a pH of 7.40, which means that for every HCO₃ molecule produced, there is also one molecule of CO₃²⁻ produced. This is as a result of the following response:
CO₂(carbon dioxide) + H₂O ⇌ H₂CO₃ ⇌ HCO₃⁻ + H⁺ ⇌ CO₃²⁻ + 2H⁺
The reaction is in equilibrium at a pH of 7.40. In light of this, the molar ratio of CO₃²⁻ to HCO₃ is 1:1.
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What mass in grams of hydrogen is produced by the reaction of 4.73 g of magnesium with 1.83 g of water? (Mg =24, H = 1, O = 16)
Mg (s) + 2H2O (l) → Mg(OH)2 (s) + H2 (g)
a) 0.204
b) 0.051
c) 0.0162
d) 0.219
At long last, change over moles to grams by increase it by the molar mass (0.1017 * 2)= 0.204 grams.
To begin with, you make a proportion between the reactants (H2O & Mg) to decide the restricting reactant so 2 mol H2O/ 1 mol Mg = 2 _calculate moles of Mg (mass/molar mass) = (4.73/24)= 0.197
moles _calculate moles of H2O (mass/molar mass) = (1.83/18)= 0.1017 moles make the proportion once more between H2O & Mg= (0.1017/0.197)= 0.5
So, H2O is the restricting reactant and as you would like the mass of H2 by comparing its moles with moles of H2O, you'll get 0.1017 moles.
Finally, change over moles to grams by duplicate it by the molar mass (0.1017 * 2)= 0.204 grams
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What is the quotient 10 ÷ (-5)?
Answer:
-2
Explanation:
10 ÷ (-5) = -2
Match the following descriptions of titration curves with the diagrams/Figure 1). Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. diagram (i)
The diagram depicting the stration of a strong base added to a weak acid is diagram (ii) The diagram depicting the titration of a strong base added to a poly protic acid is diagram (iv) The diagram depicting the thration of a strong acid added to a strong base is diagram (iii) The diagram depicting the titration of a strong bate added to a strong acid is
The plot of the pH of the analyte solution vs the quantity of titrant applied over time is known as a titration curve.
Important information can be gleaned from a titration curve's shape, which is a plot of pH against the quantity of acid or base added. The titration of a strong base given to a strong acid that starts out with a low pH is shown in the diagram i. The titration of a strong acid applied to a strong base at a high pH is shown in diagram ii. The titration of a strong base added to a weak acid, which starts out with a low pH but is in the buffer region, is shown in diagram (iii). As there are many H+ ions present, the titration of a strong base added to polyprotic acid is shown in steps in diagram (iv).
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7. A substance that had a mass of 786 grams and it was found that there were
17.86 moles was regularly used by firefighters. What is the identity?
Mass, moles and the use by firefighters are not sufficient to determine the identity of a substance. To identify a substance, more information such as chemical and physical properties, chemical reactions, and spectral data are typically required.
What is mass and mole?Mass is a scalar quantity that measures the amount of matter in an object. It is typically measured in units of grams (g) or kilograms (kg). The mass of an object does not change with location, unlike weight which does change with the gravitational force acting upon it.Moles (mol) is the unit of measurement for amount of substance. It is defined as the amount of a substance that contains the same number of entities (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) as there are in 12 grams of pure carbon-12. Moles can be used to express the concentration of a solution, the number of atoms in a sample, or the amount of material in a reaction.The number of moles can be calculated by dividing the mass of a substance by its molar mass (the mass of one mole of the substance).To learn more about mass and mole refer:
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classify the following aldehydes and ketones as soluble in water or not very soluble in water.
Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
Soluble Not very soluble
For the following aldehydes and ketones .1 , 4 , 5 are soluble and remaining are not very soluble . ether= CH3CH2OCH2CH3,diethyl ether. Ester= CH3COOCH3, ethyl hexanoate, methyl benzoate, remaining are neither ether nor ester
Aldehydes and ketones are two types of organic compounds that belong to a class of compounds known as carbonyl compounds. The defining feature of these compounds is the presence of a carbonyl group (C=O), which is a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen The general structural formula for an aldehyde is R-C(=O)-H, where R can be any organic group. Ketones, on the other hand, have the carbonyl group in the middle of the carbon chain and are characterized by the general structural formula R-C(=O)-R', where R and R' can be any organic group
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the complete question is:
classify the following aldehydes and ketones as soluble in water or not very soluble in water.
Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
Soluble Not very soluble
Ozone layer sentence
Answer:
The ozone layer is a layer of the Earth's atmosphere that protects us from the sun's harmful UV radiation.
What happens to the potential energy as the wand moved closer to the VDG?
By bringing the wand close to the generator, you will alter the electric field, increasing the electric potential on the generator. More energy will then be dissipated in any arc or corona discharge.
What is potential energy?Potential energy in physics is the energy that an item retains as a result of its position in relation to other objects, internal tensions, electric charge, or other elements.
Similar to this, when a spring is moved away from its equilibrium position, it gains some energy, which we can notice by the stress our hands experience when we stretch it.
Potential energy is a type of energy that arises from a change in its position or state, according to our definition.
The different types of potential energy are:
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A 2.0-liter closed container holds 1.0 mole of an ideal gas at a certain temperature and pressure. Which closed container will hold 3.0 moles of this ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure?
The volume of the closed container that will hold 3.0 moles of this ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure is 6L.
How to calculate number of moles?Avogadro's law is used to predict what will happen to the volume of a sample of gas as we change the number of moles. Because V/n is a constant for any given sample of gas (at constant P and T).
The volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas in a container. Hence, the following expression can be used:
V₁/n₁ = V₂/n₂
Where;
V₁ = initial volumen₁ = initial molesV₂ = final volumen₂ = final moles2/1 = V/3
V = 6L
Therefore, a 6L closed container can be used to hold the 3 moles ideal gas.
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Rank absorption of the indicated bonds in decreasing (highest to lowest) order of wavenumber. A. I > V > II > IV > III B. IV > II > I > V > III C. II > I > V> III > IV D. IV > I > V > II > III E. IV > II > V > I > III
The indicated bonds in decreasing order of wavenumber is E. IV > II > V > I > III
What is absorption?Atoms, molecules, or ions can enter a liquid or solid material by a process known as absorption, which can be physical or chemical in nature.
The order of absorption of the indicated bonds in decreasing order of wavenumber is IV > II > V > I > III.
This order is based on the strength of the bond and the functional group associated with it.
The order of the absorption of functional groups are typically based on the polarity and electron density of the bond.
In general, the more polar and electron-rich the bond, the higher the wavenumber of its absorption.
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Passage 1
Passage 2
Dorothy Parker (1893-1967) was an American short-story
writer, poet, and critic best known for her satiric wit
This excerpt is from her essay titled Henry' in her book
Men Im Not Married To.
from "Henry"
by Dorothy Parker
You would really be surprised at the number of
things that Henry knows just a shade more
about than anybody else does. Naturally he
can't help realizing this about himself, but you
mustn't think for a minute that he has let it
spoil him. On the contrary... [w]hen it comes
to giving his time and his energy there is
nobody who could not admit that Henry is
Passage 1
Passage 2
Passage 1 Passage 2
Drag ONE sentence to EACH box to compare and
contr themes in Passage 1 and Passage 2.
Both
generous. To a fault, I have even heard people
go so far as to say.
... And that is the way Henry is about
everything. He will stroll over to a tennis court,
and stand on the side lines, at what I am sure
must be great personal inconvenience, calling
words of advice and suggestion for sets at a
stretch. I have even known him to follow his
friends all the way around a golf course,
offering constructive criticism on their form as
he goes. I tell you, in this day and generation,
you don't find many people who will go as far
out of their way for their friends as Henry does.
And I am far from being the only one who says
so, too.
strong friendships are based on emotion rather than
intellect.
Friends who remain detached from others may risk
friendships that expose their faults.
Friends who flaunt their perceived superiority may
risk losing friendships.
Most friendships are complicated because people are
imperfect.
draw all resonance structures for the nitric acid molecule, hno3 (no2oh).
Three oxygen atoms, one nitrogen atom, and one each of hydrogen and oxygen make up each nitric acid molecule.
How many resonance structures does HNO2 have?Three oxygen atoms, one nitrogen atom, and one each of hydrogen and oxygen make up each molecule of nitric acid. One of the oxygen atoms and the central nitrogen atom in HNO3 molecules are doubly bound. With the core nitrogen atom and a hydrogen atom, two additional oxygen atoms are singly linked.
The solution, however, demands the assumption that HNO2 only has one single bond (NO) and one double bond (N=O), and that these two bonds are not equivalent.
In HNO3, also known as nitric acid, H+ and NO3 ions are present in an aqueous solution of NO2 (nitrogen dioxide). Also triangular and flat in shape is the NO3 ion. So, nitric acid has a triangular planar form.
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Show how the following compounds can be prepared, using ethyne as one of the starting materials: 1. 1-pentyn-3-ol 2. 1-phenyl-2-butyn-1-ol 3. 2-methyl-3-hexyn-2-ol
Ethyne (acetylene) was first discovered in 1836 by the Irish chemist Edmund Davy as a by-product during the medication of metallic potassium by heating an intermixture of calcined potassium tartrate with charcoal.
How is ethyne formed?Carbon dioxide, water, and heat are produced when ethanol burns in the atmosphere with a sooty flame. Together with hydrogen, ethyne first produces ethene and then ethane. 1,2-Tetra halo ethanes are created when ethyne interacts with halogen acids.
Ethyne has the chemical formula C2H2. This substance is an unsaturated hydrocarbon, and in its pure form, it is incredibly unstable. Due to its two carbon atoms, which are triple linked to one another, ethyne is referred to as the most basic alkyne.
All four atoms in the ethyne molecule are aligned in a straight line because it is a linear molecule. The triple bond between carbons is just 1.20 long. In the acetylene hybrid orbital, both carbons are sp- hybridised.
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prepare a table and write the formula and important uses of:
A.sodium chloride
B.calcium carbonate
C.sodium bicarbonate
D.potassium nitrate
E.diammonium phosphate (DAP)
The prepared table and the formula and important uses of compounds listed is given in the table attached:
What are the compounds about?Sodium Chloride (NaCl), also known as table salt, is a chemical compound made up of one sodium (Na) ion and one chlorine (Cl) ion. It is a common seasoning and preservative in food and is also used in water treatment to remove impurities.
Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) is a chemical compound made up of one calcium (Ca) ion, one carbon (C) ion and three oxygen (O) ions.
Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3), also known as baking soda, is a chemical compound made up of one sodium (Na) ion, one hydrogen (H) ion, one carbon (C) ion and three oxygen (O) ions.
Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) is a chemical compound made up of one potassium (K) ion, one nitrogen (N) ion and three oxygen (O) ions.
Therefore, Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) is a chemical compound made up of two ammonium (NH4+) ions and one phosphate (PO4) ion.
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Predict the product, if any, of reaction between propanamide and 2 CH3MgBr, then H3O+. Draw only the product derived from the acyl portion of propanamide. You do not have to consider stereochemistry. If no reaction occurs, draw the organic starting material.
The product derived from the acyl portion of propanamide is attached below.
What is stereochemistry, and how does it work?The study of the various spatial arrangements of atoms in molecules is the focus of the branch of chemistry known as stereochemistry. Stereochemistry is the systematic presentation of a particular area of science and technology that customarily necessitates a brief prelude into history.
Because propanamide contains a primary amine group, the carbon centre will become less electrophilic as a result. As a result, resonance structure will form, which will reduce the reactivity of the electrophilic carbon and eliminate the possibility of a high-yield product formation.
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What hybridization do you expect for the atom indicated in each of the following species? Explain. A) CH 3 CO 2 − for the last C B) PH 4 + for P C) AlF 3 for Al D) H 2 C=CH-CH 2 + for the last C
A) CH3CO2 for the last C- sp2 hybridization.
B) PH4+ for P: sp3 hybridization.
C) AlF3 for Al: sp3d2 hybridization.
D) H2C=CH-CH2+ for the last C: sp hybridization.
What is hybridization ?
Hybridization is the process by which atomic orbitals combine to form new hybrid orbitals with different energy levels and geometric shapes. These hybrid orbitals are used to form chemical bonds between atoms. The type of hybridization depends on the number of atoms and lone pairs of electrons surrounding the central atom in a molecule. Some common types of hybridization include sp3 (four orbitals), sp2 (three orbitals), and sp (two orbitals) hybridization.
A) CH3CO2- for the last C: The last C atom in CH3CO2- is bonded to one O atom and two C atoms. In order to form these bonds, the C atom needs to have three orbitals available for bonding, which means it is in sp2 hybridization.
B) PH4+ for P: The P atom in PH4+ is bonded to four H atoms. In order to form these bonds, the P atom needs to have five orbitals available for bonding, which means it is in sp3 hybridization.
C) AlF3 for Al: The Al atom in AlF3 is bonded to three F atoms. In order to form these bonds, the Al atom needs to have six orbitals available for bonding, which means it is in sp3d2 hybridization.
D) H2C=CH-CH2+ for the last C: The last C atom in H2C=CH-CH2+ is bonded to one H atom and one C atom. In order to form these bonds, the C atom needs to have two orbitals available for bonding, which means it is in sp hybridization.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. The _______ fluid is the substance to and from which heat is transferred in a heat engine or other cyclic device
The working fluid is the substance to and from which heat is transferred in a heat engine or other cyclic device.
A heat engine is a device that converts heat energy into mechanical energy, and a key component of a heat engine is the working fluid. The working fluid is the substance that is used to transfer heat in and out of the engine.
It is the fluid that is heated and cooled during the process of converting heat into mechanical energy. The working fluid is typically a liquid or gas, and it is chosen based on its ability to efficiently transfer heat, its cost, and its availability.
The working fluid is cycled through the engine, absorbing heat from a high-temperature source, then losing heat to a low-temperature sink, and the process repeats. The working fluid plays a crucial role in the efficiency and performance of the heat engine.
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Consider the enzyme-catalyzed reaction with Vmax=164 (μmol/L)min−1 and KM=32 μmol/L.
Part A
If the total enzyme concentration was 1 nmol/L, how many molecules of substrate can a molecule of enzyme process in each minute?
Part B
Calculate kcat/KM for the enzyme reaction.
Part - A 164000 molecules of substrate can a molecule of enzyme process in each minute.
Part - B The kcat/KM for the enzyme reaction is 85.416×10⁶ (M.s)⁻¹
An enzyme-catalyzed reaction is what?An enzyme will attach itself to one or more reactant molecules and start the reaction by catalyzing it. These molecules are the substrates for the enzyme. One substrate may undergo several product breakdowns in some reactions. Others involve the fusion of two substrates into a single larger molecule or the exchange of individual molecules.
The place on an enzyme's surface where substrates bind and the chemical reaction it catalyzes take place is called the active site of the enzyme.
(A)kcat = turnover number
kcat = Vmax/[Etotal] = ( 164×10⁻⁶ (mol/L)min⁻¹ )/(1×10⁻⁹ mol/L)
kcat = 164000 min⁻¹
(B) kcat/kM = ( 164000 min⁻¹ / 32×10⁻⁶M )
kcat/kM = 5125×10⁶ (M.min)⁻¹
kcat/kM = 85.416×10⁶ (M.s)⁻¹.
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The reaction between strontium hydroxide and chloric acid produces __________.A) a molecular compound and a weak electrolyteB) two weak electrolytesC) two strong electrolytesD) a molecular compound and a strong electrolyteE) two molecular compounds
The reaction between strontium hydroxide and chloric acid produces: D) a molecular compound and a strong electrolyte. It is solved using the concept of acid-base.
What is acid-base reaction?The neutralization process, which produces a salt and water molecule, occurs when an acid and a base interact. Here, the reaction between the acids chloric acid and strontium hydroxide produces strontium perchlorate and two moles of water. The strong electrolyte strontium perchlorate entirely dissociates in one direction, similar to sodium chloride. Both strontium hydroxide and chloric acid are powerful acids and bases. According to Pearson's Hard Soft Acid Base Concept, ionic complexes are created when hard acid and hard base mix. Ionic complexes often completely dissociate and are thus regarded as strong electrolytes (in the present case Strontium perchlorate).
As far as we are aware, Sr is a group 2 alkaline earth metal. Because it produces basic oxides, when it reacts with acid, salt and water are produced. Since SrO is also a basic oxide in this instance, it may react with acids like HClO₄ (chloric acid) to produce salt and water.
Thus, it will form one molecular compound that is H₂O and one strong electrolyte that is Sr(ClO₄)₂.
The reaction is as follows:
SrO + 2HClO₄ → Sr(ClO₄)₂ + H₂O
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One disadvantage of coevolution is that:
if one of the two species becomes extinct, the other species may not be able to survive.
one species will likely evolve faster than the other.
only the species that have coevolved will survive if a natural disaster occurs.
the coevolved species will not be able to produce offspring.
Answer:
true
but it depends on their habitat and geographic location
Explanation:
hope this was helpful
Which of the following is an aromatic compound that contributes to the beautiful scent of bacon? Your answer O a. Me N Me 2,5-dimethylpyrazine O b. Me Me Et 'N 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine O c. Both (a) and (b) O d. Neither (a) and (b)
2,5-dimethylpyrazine (a) is an aromatic compound that contributes to the beautiful scent of bacon.
What is 2,5-dimethylpyrazine?2,5-dimethylpyrazine is a compound that is known to contribute to the smoky, meaty aroma of cooked bacon. It is created by the Maillard reaction, which occurs when the sugars and amino acids in the bacon are heated, creating a complex mixture of flavors and aromas.
2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine (b) is not an aromatic compound that contributes to the beautiful scent of bacon. It is a different compound that can be found in other food items, such as coffee, chocolate and roasted nuts.
So the answer is (a) and not (c) or (d)
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.pls ans my question interested girl come 15++ come fast
Answer:
wait so do you need help with
Explanation:
Determine the solubility of the ions that is calculated from the Ksp for Na3PO4.
Answer choices:
9S4
S4
27S3
3S2
27S4
From the Ksp for Na3PO4, the solubility of the ions is determined to be 27S4. Solubility is a term used in chemistry to describe a substance's capacity to mix with another substance, the solvent.
Na+ and PO4-3 are the ions found in Na3PO4. Since sodium is listed on the periodic table as an alkali metal, it will create a positive charge in solution. A polyatomic ion is one that requires its charge to be remembered, such as the phosphate ion. Therefore, each unit of sodium phosphate that dissolves produces 4 ions. As a result, each molecule of Na3PO4 has a total of four ions in the solution.
Na3PO4 -> 3Na+ + [PO4 3-]
Let the solubility of each ion be S such that
Ksp = [Na+]^3 [(PO4)3-]
Ksp = (3S)^3 (S) = 27S^4 as there are 3 sodium ions and 1 phosphate ion.
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How many peaks appear in the proton spin decoupled 13C NMR spectrum of the compound below?
Two peaks can be seen in the proton NMR spectra of the molecule below.
What is Proton nuclear magnetic resonance?In order to ascertain the structure of a substance's molecules, proton nuclear magnetic resonance uses nuclear magnetic resonance with regard to hydrogen-1 nuclei inside its molecules. The preferred method for determining or validating the structure of organic molecules or those containing protons is H NMR. When compared to other nuclei, a solution-state proton spectrum may be obtained relatively quickly, and it contains a wealth of knowledge regarding a compound's structure. Because proton spectra are considerably easier to acquire than carbon spectra, H NMR spectroscopy is employed more frequently than 13C NMR. Since just 1% of carbon atoms have the 13C isotope, it is challenging to find.
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Which of the following orbital diagrams reflects an atom not in the ground state? O A
O B
O C
O D
O E
A
following orbital diagrams reflects an atom not in the ground state
What do you name an atom's ground state?The ground state of an atom is the lowest energy level it is capable of occupying. This is the atomic energy level that would be regarded as typical.
The electrons in an atom are shown in pictures called orbital diagrams. Orbital diagrams may be created using three rules. Each electron resides in the lowest-energy orbital, in accordance with the Auf Bau Principle. Only two electrons can fit into a single orbital, according to the Pauli Exclusion Principle.
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A mixture is made by combining 1.50 lb
of salt and 4.45 lb
of water. What is the percentage of salt (by mass) in this mixture?
The mass percent of a component in a mixture is the ratio of its mass to the total mass multiplied by 100. The mass percent of salt in the mixture is 25.2 %.
What is percentage composition ?The percentage composition of a component in a compound or mixture is the fraction of that component in the total amount of the mixture. Mass percent is a common term used to express the concentration of a solution as well.
The mass percent of a component in a mixture is the ratio of its mass to the total mass of the mixture multiplied by 100.
Given the mass of salt = 1.50 lb
mass of water = 4.45 lb
total mass = 1.50 + 4.45 = 5.95 lb
Mass percent of salt = mass of salt/total mass
= 1.50 / 5.95 × 100 = 25%.
Therefore, the mass percent of the salt in the mixture is 25%.
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Part A Provide the structure of the tripeptide val-gly-ser at pH 2 Draw the molecule on the canvas by cho sing buttons from the T The single bond is active by default.
The tripeptide val-gly-ser at pH 2 is composed of three amino acids: Valine, Glycine and Serine. The overall structure is shown below:
What is molecules?Molecules are the smallest unit of matter that can exist and still retain the properties of the material from which it came. Molecules are made of two or more atoms that are bonded together. Each molecule has its own distinct characteristics, depending on the types of atoms it contains and the way they are bonded. Molecules are the building blocks of all matter in the universe, from the air we breathe to the food we eat.
Valine:
H2N-CH(CH3)-CH2-COOH
Glycine:
H2N-CH2-COOH
Serine:
H2N-CH(OH)-CH2-COOH
The overall structure of the tripeptide val-gly-ser at pH 2 is shown below:
H2N-CH(CH3)-CH2-COOH ------ H2N-CH2-COOH ------ H2N-CH(OH)-CH2-COOH
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By what factor is the rate of a reaction changed if an enzyme lowers the Ea by 9.0 kJ/mol at 37°C? O 2.2 times O 10.2 times
O 7.0 times
O 15.1 times
O 32.9 times
If an enzyme reduces the Ea, the given statement states that the reaction rate will alter seven times.
What does the term "reaction" in chemistry mean?In a chemical reaction, one or more substances—also known as reactants—are changed into one or more additional compounds are known as products. Chemical elements or chemical compounds make up substances.
K1 and K2 are the initial and end rate constants.
Given,
Ea1 - Ea2 = 5 KJ/mol
= 5000J/mol
T = 37 oC
= 310 k
Use,
ln(k2/k1) = (Ea1 - Ea2)/(R*T)
ln(k2/k1) = 5000/(8.314*310)
ln(k2/k1) = 1.94
k2/k1 = 6.96
= 7
Since the rate constant increased by seven.
As a result, the rate has increased by seven times from the beginning.
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What is the hydronium ion concentration of an acid rain sample that has a pH of 3.45?
A) 2.82 × 10-11 M
B) 3.55 × 10-4 M
C) 3.45 M
D) 10.55 M
The hydronium ion concentration of an acid rain sample that has a pH of 3.45 is 3.55 × 10-4 M.
Given the pH of hydronium ion = 3.45
The hydronium ion concentration can be calculated from the pH using the exact opposite mathematical procedure. The conjugate acid of H2O is H3O+. In aqueous solutions, a proton is denoted by the symbol H3O+. The proton would create a different structure in a non-aqueous solution. H2O(l) → H+(aq) + OH-(aq).
Because hydrogen ions bond to water molecules to generate hydronium ions, the equations pH = -log[H3O+] and pH = p[H3O+] can be used to compute a solution's pH.
pH + pOH = 14 then [H+] = 10^-pH
So the concentration of hydronium ion = 10^-3.45 = 3.55 × 10-4 M
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For each pair of reactants below select the one that is more nucleophilic.
(1) (a) H2O or (b) CH3CO2-.
(2) (a) -NH2 or (b) NH3.
Draw the structure of the compound you would expect from E2 reaction of the molecule below with NaOH. In cases where there is a choice, draw the most substituted alkene product. Show the expected Z or E stereochemistry
(Light green = Cl, red-brown = Br)
The given compound undergoes an E2 elimination reaction to give an alkene.
Elimination by the E2 mechanism
We observed the following reaction between tert-butyl bromide and cyanide at the beginning of this lesson. This is definitely not a substitution reaction.
(CH3)3C-Br + CN(–) ——> (CH3)2C=CH2 + Br(–) + HCN
We are aware that an SN2 reaction for t-butyl bromide is not anticipated. The ethanol solvent is also insufficiently polar to support an SN1 reaction. Since it is around 10 times weaker than bicarbonate, the other reactant, cyanide anion, is both an excellent nucleophile and a respectable base. The only feasible reaction for this set of reactants, then, appears to be a base-induced elimination.
Methanethiolate is 100 times more nucleophilic than methoxide in the methanol solvent employed here. While methanethiolate is around 106 times more basic than methoxide. As a result, the reaction products exhibit a distinct difference that represents nucleophilicity (bonding to an electrophilic carbon) vs basicity (bonding to a proton).n).
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draw tryptophan and select the chiral carbon atom. a selected atom will turn green.
A carbon atom that is joined to four separate atom kinds or groups is known as an asymmetric carbon atom.
What is chiral carbon atom?A carbon atom that is joined to four separate atom kinds or groups is known as an asymmetric carbon atom. As a general rule, chiral carbon center's are carbon atoms positioned at the four corners of a tetrahedron and attached to four distinct substituents. Steatogenic carbons and asymmetrical carbon atoms are other names for chiral carbon atoms. Search for carbons that are bonded to four different substituents if you want to find chiral carbons. Any carbon atoms with double bonds or two hydrogen atoms connected can be promptly removed. We discover that there are three chiral carbons as a result of this.Tryptophan is the only amino acid that has two rings on it. At pH 7.4, it looks like this,
You can see the chiral carbon highlighted. You can tell that it's an [tex]$s p^3$[/tex]carbon and that it has four different substituents on it [tex]( $\mathrm{H}, \mathrm{NH}_3^{+}, \mathrm{COO}^{-}$, and $\mathrm{CH}_2-$ stuff).[/tex]
Therefore it's chiral.
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