Consider a causal LTIC system described by y(t) + 2y(t) = x(t). (a) Determine the transfer function H(s) for this system (b) Using your result from part (a), determine the impulse response h(t) for this system. (c) Using Laplace transform techniques, dete mine the output y(t) if the input is x(t) = e tu) and y(0) 2.

Answers

Answer 1

The transfer function H(s) for the system is H(s) = 1 / (s+2).

What is the transfer function?

The given problem describes a causal Linear Time-Invariant Continuous (LTIC) system with a differential equation of the form y(t) + 2y(t) = x(t).

Part (a) requires determining the transfer function H(s) of the system, which is found by taking the Laplace transform of the differential equation and solving for H(s) in terms of X(s) and Y(s).

Part (b) requires finding the impulse response h(t) of the system, which is the inverse Laplace transform of H(s).

Finally, in part (c), the output y(t) is determined for the given input x(t) = e^(-tu) and initial condition y(0) = 2 using Laplace transform techniques and the previously found transfer function H(s).

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Related Questions

A group of students launches a model rocket in the vertical direction. Based on tracking data, they determine that the altitude of the rocket was 89.6 ft at the end of the powered portion of the flight and that the rocket landed 16.5 s later. The descent parachute failed to deploy so that the rocket fell freely to the ground after reaching its maximum altitude. Assume that g = 32.2 ft/s2.
Determine
(a) the speed v1 of the rocket at the end of powered flight,
(b) the maximum altitude reached by the rocket.

Answers

Answer:

[tex]u = 260.22m/s[/tex]

[tex]S_{max} = 1141.07ft[/tex]

Explanation:

Given

[tex]S_0 = 89.6ft[/tex] --- Initial altitude

[tex]S_{16.5} = 0ft[/tex] -- Altitude after 16.5 seconds

[tex]a = -g = -32.2ft/s^2[/tex] --- Acceleration (It is negative because it is an upward movement i.e. against gravity)

Solving (a): Final Speed of the rocket

To do this, we make use of:

[tex]S = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2[/tex]

The final altitude after 16.5 seconds is represented as:

[tex]S_{16.5} = S_0 + ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2[/tex]

Substitute the following values:

[tex]S_0 = 89.6ft[/tex]       [tex]S_{16.5} = 0ft[/tex]     [tex]a = -g = -32.2ft/s^2[/tex]    and [tex]t = 16.5[/tex]

So, we have:

[tex]0 = 89.6 + u * 16.5 - \frac{1}{2} * 32.2 * 16.5^2[/tex]

[tex]0 = 89.6 + u * 16.5 - \frac{1}{2} * 8766.45[/tex]

[tex]0 = 89.6 + 16.5u- 4383.225[/tex]

Collect Like Terms

[tex]16.5u = -89.6 +4383.225[/tex]

[tex]16.5u = 4293.625[/tex]

Make u the subject

[tex]u = \frac{4293.625}{16.5}[/tex]

[tex]u = 260.21969697[/tex]

[tex]u = 260.22m/s[/tex]

Solving (b): The maximum height attained

First, we calculate the time taken to attain the maximum height.

Using:

[tex]v=u + at[/tex]

At the maximum height:

[tex]v =0[/tex] --- The final velocity

[tex]u = 260.22m/s[/tex]

[tex]a = -g = -32.2ft/s^2[/tex]

So, we have:

[tex]0 = 260.22 - 32.2t[/tex]

Collect Like Terms

[tex]32.2t = 260.22[/tex]

Make t the subject

[tex]t = \frac{260.22}{ 32.2}[/tex]

[tex]t = 8.08s[/tex]

The maximum height is then calculated as:

[tex]S_{max} = S_0 + ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2[/tex]

This gives:

[tex]S_{max} = 89.6 + 260.22 * 8.08 - \frac{1}{2} * 32.2 * 8.08^2[/tex]

[tex]S_{max} = 89.6 + 260.22 * 8.08 - \frac{1}{2} * 2102.22[/tex]

[tex]S_{max} = 89.6 + 260.22 * 8.08 - 1051.11[/tex]

[tex]S_{max} = 1141.0676[/tex]

[tex]S_{max} = 1141.07ft[/tex]

Hence, the maximum height is 1141.07ft

The pressure less than atmospheric pressure is known as:

Suction pressure

Negative gauge pressure

Vacuum pressure

All of the above

Answers

Answer:

answer is option (d) all of the above

What frequency bands are used primarily for short range distances select all the nearby?

Answers

The frequency bands that are used primarily for short-range distances include the following:

The upper portion of the VHF band (225 MHz to 300 MHz).The lower portion of the UHF band (300 MHz to 400 MHz).

What is GSM?

GSM is an abbreviation for global system for mobile communication and it can be defined as an open and digital cellular network technology that is designed and developed to be used for the transmission of both mobile voice and data services at the same time.

In Computer technology and networking, the global system for mobile communication (GSM) is typically designed and developed to operates at the following bands of frequencies:

850 MHz900 MHz1800 MHz1900 MHz

In this context, we can infer and logically deduce that the frequency bands that are used primarily for short-range distances such as PAN, include the following:

The upper portion of the VHF band (225 MHz to 300 MHz).The lower portion of the UHF band (300 MHz to 400 MHz).

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Find the derivative of x ​

Answers

Answer:

this is your answer. if mistake don't mind.

who was part of dempwolf his firm when he first started

Answers

Explanation:

Dempwolf created by John Augustus, Among the most prominent innovative solutions in Southern California Pennsylvania was established by Dempwolf with  brother Reinhardt or uncle's son Frederick entered the company of J.A. Dozens of structures in 10 states were engineered by Dempwolf.

The driver of the truck has an acceleration of 0.4g as the truck passes over the top A of the hump in the road at constant speed. The radius of curvature of the road at the top of the hump is 98 m, and the center of mass G of the driver (considered a particle) is 2 m above the road. Calculate the speed v of the truck.

Answers

Answer:

19.81 m/s

Explanation:

The total acceleration of the truck (a) is due to the centripetal acceleration and as a result of the linear acceleration. Therefore the total acceleration (a) is given by:

[tex]a^2=a_n^2+a_t^2\\\\where\ a_n=centripetal\ acceleration=\frac{v^2}{r},a_t=linear \ acceleration\\\\But\ since\ the \ speed\ is \ constant, the \ linear \ acceleration(a_t)\ would\ be\ 0.\\\\a^2=a_n^2+a_t^2\\\\a^2=a_n^2\\\\a=a_n=\frac{v^2}{r} \\\\v^2=ar\\\\v=\sqrt{ar} \\\\a=0.4g=0.4*9.81,r=98\ m+2\ m=100\ m\\\\v=\sqrt{0.4*9.81*100} \\\\v=19.81\ m/s[/tex]

A cylindrical bar of metal having a diameter of 15.7 mm and a length of 178 mm is deformed elastically in tension with a force of 49100 N. Given that the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of the metal are 67.1 GPa and 0.34 respectively, Determine the following:(a) The amount by which this specimen will elongate (in mm) in the direction of the applied stress. The entry field with incorrect answer now contains modified data.(b) The change in diameter of the specimen (in mm). Indicate an increase in diameter with a positive number and a decrease with a negative number.

Answers

Answer:

0.6727

-0.02017

Explanation:

diameter = 15.7

l = 178

E =elastic modulus = 67.1 Gpa

poisson ratio = 0.34

p = force = 49100N

first we calculate the area of the cross section

[tex]A=\frac{\pi }{4} d^{2}[/tex]

[tex]A=\frac{\pi }{4} (15.7)^{2} \\A = \frac{774.683}{4} \\[/tex]

A = 193.6mm²

1. Change in directon of the applied stress

[tex]= \frac{pl}{AE}[/tex]

= 49100*178/193.6*67.1*10³

= [tex]=\frac{8739800}{12990560}[/tex]

δl = 0.6727  mm

2. change in diameter of the specimen

equation for poisson distribution =

m = -(δd/d) / (δl/l)

0.34 = (δd/15.7) / (0.6727/178)

0.34 = (-δd * 178) / 15.7 * 0.6727

0.34 = -178δd / 10.56139

we cross multiply

10.56139*0.34 =-178δd

3.5908726 = -178δd

δd = 3.5908726/-178

δd = -0.02017 mm

the change in dimeter has a negative sign. it decreases

With _____, only one criterion must evaluate true in order for a record to be selected and with _____, all criteria must be evaluate true in order for a record to be selected.

a. parameter criteria, double criteria
b. function criteria, IF criteria
c. simple criteria, complex criteria
d. OR criteria, AND criteria

Answers

Answer:

d

Explanation:

OR criteria, AND criteria

In an OR criteria, it doesn't need all the records to be true. Just one record is enough and all other criterion becomes true.

In an AND criteria, it's unlike the OR criteria and works in opposite. It needs every member of the record to be true to be able to adjudge the whole record as true.

And as such, we have

With OR criteria, only one criterion must evaluate true in order for a record to be selected and with AND criteria, all criteria must be evaluate true in order for a record to be selected.

This is silence I couldent find the tab... 30 points plus marked brainliest if corrects!


The most recent evidence supporting the theory of plate tectonics would include
es )
A)
GPS monitoring of plate speeds and movements.
B)
the WWII discovery of paleomagnetic reversals.
Elimi
O
the 1963 mapping of the tectonic plate boundaries.
D
C-14 dating of marine fossils found in the Himalayas.

Answers

Yeah the answer is A

A 50-mm cube of the graphite fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite material is subjected to 125-kN uniformly distributed compressive force in the direction 2, which is perpendicular to the fiber direction (direction 1). The cube is constrained against expansion in direction 3. Determine:

a. changes in the 50-mm dimensions.
b. stresses required to provide constraints.

Answers

Answer:

hello some parts of your question is missing attached below is the missing part

answer :

A) Determine changes in the 50-mm dimensions

The changes are : 0.006mm compression  in y-direction

                               0.002 mm expansion in x and z directions

B) the stress required are evenly distributed

Explanation:

Given data :

50-mm cube of graphite fiber reinforced polymer matrix

subjected to 125-KN force in direction 2,

direction 2 is perpendicular to fiber direction ( direction 1 ) and cube is constrained against expansion in direction 3

A) Determine changes in the 50-mm dimensions

The changes are : 0.006mm compression  in y-direction

                               0.002 mm expansion in x and z directions

B) the stress required are evenly distributed

attached below is the detailed solution

Check Your Understanding: True Stress and Stress A cylindrical specimen of a metal alloy 47.7 mm long and 9.72 mm in diameter is stressed in tension. A true stress of 399 MPa causes the specimen to plastically elongate to a length of 54.4 mm. If it is known that the strain-hardening exponent for this alloy is 0.2, calculate the true stress (in MPa) necessary to plastically elongate a specimen of this same material from a length of 47.7 mm to a length of 57.8 mm.

Answers

Answer:

The answer is "583.042533 MPa".

Explanation:

Solve the following for the real state strain 1:

[tex]\varepsilon_{T}=\In \frac{I_{il}}{I_{01}}[/tex]

Solve the following for the real stress and pressure for the stable.[tex]\sigma_{r1}=K(\varepsilon_{r1})^{n}[/tex]

[tex]K=\frac{\sigma_{r1}}{[\In \frac{I_{il}}{I_{01}}]^n}[/tex]

Solve the following for the true state stress and stress2.

[tex]\sigma_{r2}=K(\varepsilon_{r2})^n[/tex]

     [tex]=\frac{\sigma_{r1}}{[\In \frac{I_{il}}{I_{01}}]^n} \times [\In \frac{I_{i2}}{I_{02}}]^n\\\\=\frac{399 \ MPa}{[In \frac{54.4}{47.7}]^{0.2}} \times [In \frac{57.8}{47.7}]^{0.2}\\\\ =\frac{399 \ MPa}{[ In (1.14046122)]^{0.2}} \times [In (1.21174004)]^{0.2}\\\\ =\frac{399 \ MPa}{[ In (1.02663509)]} \times [In 1.03915873]\\\\=\frac{399 \ MPa}{0.0114161042} \times 0.0166818905\\\\= 399 \ MPa \times 1.46125948\\\\=583.042533\ \ MPa[/tex]

Lab scale tests performed on a cell broth with a viscosity of 5cP gave a specific cake resistance of 1 x1011 cm/g and a negligible medium resistance. The cake solids (dry basis) per volume of filtrate was 20 g/liter. It is desired to operate a larger rotary vacuum filter (diameter 8 m and length 12 m) at a vacuum pressure of 80 kPA with a cake formation time of 20 s and a cycle time of 60 s. Determine the filtration rate in volumes/hr expected for the rotary vacuum filter.

Answers

Answer:

5.118 m^3/hr

Explanation:

Given data:

viscosity of cell broth = 5cP

cake resistance = 1*1011 cm/g

dry basis per volume of filtrate = 20 g/liter

Diameter = 8m ,  Length = 12m

vacuum pressure = 80 kpa

cake formation time = 20 s

cycle time = 60 s

Determine the filtration rate in volumes/hr  expected fir the rotary vacuum filter

attached below is a detailed solution of the question

Hence The filtration rate in volumes/hr expected for the rotary vacuum filter

V' = ( [tex]\frac{60}{20}[/tex] ) * 1706.0670

   = 5118.201 liters  ≈ 5.118 m^3/hr

Describe how to contribute to
zero/low carbon work outcomes
within the built environment.

Answers

Answer:

day if you workout without Zero billing that means you're not sweating. Sweating you're not losing anything that means you have zero outcomes

Explanation:

If the hypotenuse of a right triangle is 12 and an acute angle is 37 degrees find leg a and leg b lengths

Answers

scrity añao devid codicie

The need for extraction of raw metals for making steel has been reduced due to the?

Answers

Answer: Increase in minimills

Explanation:

I don’t know the answer to this question

Answers

Answer:

I dont know the answer either

Explanation:

Answer:

flux

Explanation:

Two sites are being considered for wind power generation. On the first site, the wind blows steadily at 7 m/s for 3000 hours per year. On the second site, the wind blows steadily at 10 m/s for 2000 hours per year. The density of air on the both sites is 1.25 kg/m3 . Assuming the wind power generation is negligible during other times.Calculate the maximum power of wind on each site per unit area, in kW/m2 .

Answers

Solution :

Given :

[tex]$V_1 = 7 \ m/s$[/tex]

Operation time, [tex]$T_1$[/tex] = 3000 hours per year

[tex]$V_2 = 10 \ m/s$[/tex]

Operation time, [tex]$T_2$[/tex] = 2000 hours per year

The density, ρ = [tex]$1.25 \ kg/m^3$[/tex]

The wind blows steadily. So, the K.E. = [tex]$(0.5 \dot{m} V^2)$[/tex]

                                                             [tex]$= \dot{m} \times 0.5 V^2$[/tex]

The power generation is the time rate of the kinetic energy which can be calculated as follows:

Power = [tex]$\Delta \ \dot{K.E.} = \dot{m} \frac{V^2}{2}$[/tex]

Regarding that [tex]$\dot m \propto V$[/tex]. Then,

Power [tex]$ \propto V^3$[/tex] → Power = constant x [tex]$V^3$[/tex]

Since, [tex]$\rho_a$[/tex] is constant for both the sites and the area is the same as same winf turbine is used.

For the first site,

Power, [tex]$P_1= \text{const.} \times V_1^3$[/tex]

            [tex]$P_1 = \text{const.} \times 343 \ W$[/tex]

For the second site,

Power, [tex]$P_2 = \text{const.} \times V_2^3 \ W$[/tex]

           [tex]$P_2 = \text{const.} \times 1000 \ W$[/tex]

Which of the following choices accurately contrasts a categorical syllogism with a conditional syllogism?


An argument constructed as a categorical syllogism uses deductive reasoning whereas an argument constructed as a conditional syllogism uses inductive reasoning.

A categorical syllogism contains two premise statements and one conclusion whereas a conditional syllogism contains one premise statement and one conclusion.

A categorical syllogism argues that A and B are both members of C whereas a conditional syllogism argues that if A is true then B is also true.

An argument constructed as a categorical syllogism is valid whereas an argument constructed as a conditional syllogism is invalid.

Answers

Answer:

The correct option is - A categorical syllogism argues that A and B are both members of C whereas a conditional syllogism argues that if A is true then B is also true.

Explanation:

As,

Categorical syllogisms follow an "If A is part of C, then B is part of C" logic.

Conditional syllogisms follow an "If A is true, then B is true" pattern of logic.

So,

The correct option is - A categorical syllogism argues that A and B are both members of C whereas a conditional syllogism argues that if A is true then B is also true.

I have an AC waveform with the voltage peak value of 100 V. I'm trying to find the RMS value of the voltage​

Answers

Answer:

98 x 100=9,00

Explanation:

An example of a power consuming device would be a(n) ____ while an example of a non-power consuming device would be a(n) ____.

Answers

An example of a power consuming device would be a(n) light bulb, a computer device while an example of a non-power consuming device would be a(n) switch or button.

What is power consumption?

The quantity of energy utilized per unit of time is known as power consumption. Power use is a significant factor in digital systems.

Power consumption is a limiting factor for the battery life of portable devices like laptop computers and cell phones.

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What are the top 4 solar inventions, how they are used, and how they are better than the original way of powering them

Answers

Yes I will answer soon

The demand schedules for Jones, Smith, and other buyers are shown in the table below:
Draw the 4 demand curves for i) Jones ii) Smith iii) Other buyers and iv) All buyers.

Answers

The demand curve is the graphical representation of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded for a given period of time.

What is a demand schedule?

A demand schedule is a table which shows the quantity demanded of a good or service at different price levels.

A demand schedule can be graphed as a continuous demand curve on a chart where the Y-axis represents the price and the X-axis represents quantity.

Here, a typical representation, the price will appear on the left vertical axis, the quantity demanded on the horizontal axis.

Note that the complete information wasn't found and an overview was given.

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A sign structure on the NJ Turnpike is to be designed to resist a wind force that produces a moment of 25 k-ft in one direction. The axial load is 30 kips. Soil conditions consist of a normally consolidated clay layer with following properties; su=800 psf, andγsat= 110 pcf. Design for a FOS of 3. Assume frost depth to be 3ft below grade

Answers

Solution :

Finding the cohesion of the soil(c) using the relation:

[tex]$c = \frac{q_u}{2}$[/tex]

Here, [tex]$q_u$[/tex] is the unconfined compression strength of the soil;

[tex]$c = \frac{800}{2}$[/tex]

   = 400 psf

∴ The cohesion value is greater than 0

So the use of the angle of internal friction is 0

Referring to the table relation between bearing capacity factors and angle of internal friction.

For the angle of inter friction [tex]$0^\circ$[/tex]

    [tex]$N_c = 5.14$[/tex]

   [tex]$N_q = 1.0$[/tex]

   [tex]$N_r = 0$[/tex]

Therefore,

[tex]$q_{ult} = (400 \times 5.14 )+(110 \times 3 \times 1.0)+(0.5 \times 100 \times 13 \times 0)$[/tex]

     =  2386 psf

∴ Allowable bearing capacity [tex]$q_{a} = \frac{Q_{allow}}{A}$[/tex]

                                                     [tex]$=\frac{30}{B^2}$[/tex]

∴ [tex]$q_a = \frac{q_{ult}}{F.O.S}$[/tex]

  [tex]$\frac{30}{B^2} = \frac{2386}{3}$[/tex]

∴ B = 0.2 ft

Therefore, the dimension of the square footing is 0.2 ft x 0.2 ft

                                                                                 [tex]$=0.04 \ ft^2$[/tex]

Where is the primary area for romanesque architectural sculpture?

Answers

Answer:

on the façade, entrance, and column capitals

What current works best when the operator
encounters magnetic arc blow?

•DCEP

•ACEN

•CC

•AC

Answers

Answer:

AC

Explanation:

One situation when alternating current would work better than direct current is if the operator is encountering magnetic arc blow.

Current works best when the operator  encounters magnetic arc blow is AC

Magnetic arc blow is simply defined as the arc deflection due to the warping of the magnetic field that is produced by electric arc current.

This is caused as a result of the following;

- if the material being welded has residual magnetism at an intolerable level

- When the weld root is being made, and the welding current is direct current which indicates constant direction and maintains constant polarity (either positive or negative).

Since it is caused by DC(Direct Current) which means constant polarity , it means the opposite will be better which is AC(alternating current) because it means that electricity direction will be switching to and fro and as such the polarity will also be revered in response to this back and forth switch manner.

Thus, Current works best when the operator  encounters magnetic arc blow is AC

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Airtight plugs are installed in the ends of large sizes of PVC conduit during bending to_____________.

Answers

Airtight plugs are installed in the ends of large sizes of PVC conduit before bending to  A. prevent the conduit from collapsing when heated.

What is Airtight plugs?

Airtight plugs is necessary in the  PVC conduit so as to be able to avoid the collapse of conduit.

In this case, Airtight plugs are installed in the ends of large sizes of PVC conduit before bending to  A. prevent the conduit from collapsing when heated.

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how skateboards works?

Answers

Answer

The skateboarder applies pressure to the trucks and gives/releases pressure on the levers. Second, the wheels and the axles are also examples of simple machines. They help the skater ride, spin, grind, and do a bunch of other radical movements on a skateboard.:

Explanation:

Tech A says that LED brake lights illuminate faster than incandescent bulbs. Tech B says that LED brake lights have
more visibility and last longer. Who is correct?

Answers

Answer:

Both

Explanation:

An isolated pretimed signalized intersection has an approach with a traffic flow rate of 750 veh/h and a saturation flow rate of 3200 veh/h. This approach is allocated 32 seconds of effective green time. The cycle length is 100 seconds. Determine the average approach delay a) 4,6 s b) 30.2 s c) 34.8 s d) 35.0 s​

Answers

Answer: This approach is allocated 32 seconds of effective green time. The cycle length is 100 seconds. Determine the average approach delay (using Eq. 7.27). A) 34.8 s.

what is the distance in term of wavelengh between successive minima in the standing wave ratio​

Answers

Answer:

hi there

Explanation:

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these online reviews help marketers at berryhill evaluate berryhill's products so instructors will continue to use them. this is an example of using a website to _______. Find (if possible) a. AB and b. BA.A=-2-8B=||||6S32 medi-insurance company faxes ads to nancy and other individual consumers without the recipients permission. this is subject to In a perfectly competitive market, each firm has the cost function: q 2+10q+100. The price in the market is $50.a. What is the Marginal Cost for the firm?b. What is the Profit Maximizing Output?c. What is the Total Profit the firm receives?d. Should this firm continue to produce in the short run? Please explain.e. If the price is $20, should the firm continue to produce? Please explain. Find the equation of the ellipse with the given properties: Vertices at (+-25,0) and (0, +-81) a lot of 30 watches is 20 efective. what is the probability that a sample of 3 will contain 2 defectives? (10 points) find the Mean, Median,Mode,Range. each one of the line plots please we wish to express f(x) = 3 2 x in the form 1 1 r and then use the following equation. 1 1 r = [infinity] n = 0 why do typical quasar accretion disks have lower temperatures than typical x-ray binary accretion disks? If there are 40 identical balls that are to be placed in 4 distinct boxes, how many different ways can the balls be placed if each box gets at least 2 balls each, but no box gets 18 or more balls? the larger the fraction of an investment financed by borrowing (using leverage)___ Recently, General Mills launched all of the following products except which?Multiple ChoiceBetty Crocker Mug TreatsFiber One Gluten-free BarsFruity Lucky CharmsEpic Performance BarsYQ by Yoplait In 2018, Joshua gave $12,600 worth of XYZ stock to his son. In 2019, the XYZ shares are worth $25,300.If Joshua had not given his son the stock in 2018 and held onto it instead, how much more would his estate have been worth than if he had made the gift? the temperature of a sample of silver increased by 23.1 c when 255 j of heat was applied. what is the mass of the sample?_____gsubstance specific heat j/(g*c)lead 0.128silver 0.235copper 0.385iron 0.449aluminum 0.903 One primary purpose or function of a company's social media information system (SMIS) is to connect the company's Multiple Choice content on one social media platform with the users of another platform stakeholders on social media with its financial information on its website. customers on social medio with its products and services on its website. target markets on social media with the company's advenisements The cylindrical pressure vessel has an inner radius of 1.25 m and awall thickness of 15 mm. It is made from steel plates that arewelded along the 45 seam. Determine the normal and shearstress components along this seam if the vessel is subjected to aninternal pressure of 3 MPa. Evaluate the line integral, where C is the given curve.C x5yzdzC: x = t4, y = t, z = t2, 0 t 1 If there is a .75 probability of an event happening, there is a .25 chance of the event not happening. The odds of the event happening are: a. 1.5-to-1 b. 2-to-1 c. 2.5-to-1 d. 3-to-1 CAN I GET HELP PLEASE TYSM GET POINTS which type of lan is usually arranged in a star topology with computers wired to central switching circuitry that is incorporated in modern routers?