The movement of the P and S waves through the earth reveals information about the earth's interior.
The P and S waves are produced as a result of an earthquake. The seismic waves are sent through the earth's interior as a result of an earthquake.
The P waves can travel through solid, liquid, or gaseous materials.
The S waves, on the other hand, are unable to pass through a liquid. They can only travel through solids. Therefore, it can be inferred that the Earth's outer core is liquid, as S waves are not transmitted through it.
The P waves' speed varies depending on the material they pass through. This varies as the density of the material through which the wave is passing varies. Therefore, it is safe to say that the earth's interior is made up of varying densities. This is also responsible for the P wave's reflection and refraction. P waves that move through denser materials are refracted while P waves that move through less dense materials are reflected.
Scientists have used this data to make predictions about the Earth's interior. Tectonics refers to the movement of the earth's plates. Tectonic plates can be shifted by the pressure of these waves. Tectonic plates in the earth's lithosphere can be affected by this motion.
The study of the properties of the P and S waves helps to explain a mechanism for plate tectonics. The waves' movement and characteristics provide data that help scientists better understand the dynamics of the Earth's interior. This data can help scientists make predictions about how the earth's plates will move in the future. The study of tectonics is crucial because it helps to explain volcanic and earthquake activity.
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what volcanic eruption was the loudest in modern history?
Answer:
Explanation:
The loudest volcanic eruption in modern history was the 1883 eruption of the Krakatoa volcano, which is located between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. The explosion was so powerful that it was heard over 3,000 miles away, and it produced a sound that is estimated to have reached 172 decibels at a distance of 100 miles from the source. The eruption caused widespread damage and loss of life, with tsunamis and other effects felt across the region.
A field that gets flooded is more likely to be contaminated with E. coli.
true or false
Answer:
Flooding, can also introduce pathogens to your garden including E. coli, salmonella, hepatitis A and norovirus, according to research done by North Carolina State University. The risk of pathogens being introduced to a garden increases if livestock or pet areas are nearby, or if there's a compost pile in the garden.
Explanation:
The given statement "A field that gets flooded is more likely to be contaminated with E. coli" is true because when flooding occurs, it can cause several issues that increase the likelihood of E. coli contamination.
Firstly, floodwater often contains a mix of pollutants, including sewage and animal waste, which are common sources of E. coli. As the floodwater spreads across a field, it can disperse these contaminants, making it more likely that E. coli bacteria will be present.
Secondly, the excess water from flooding can lead to soil erosion, which may disrupt natural barriers that help prevent E. coli contamination. For example, healthy soil typically contains beneficial microbes that can compete with and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria like E. coli. However, when the soil structure is damaged due to flooding, these protective features may be diminished.
Lastly, flooding can also create favorable conditions for E. coli growth. E. coli thrives in moist environments, and the waterlogged soil in a flooded field can provide an ideal habitat for the bacteria to multiply. Furthermore, flooding can lead to nutrient-rich runoff from nearby sources, such as agricultural lands, which may provide additional nutrients that support E. coli growth.
In conclusion, a field that gets flooded is more likely to be contaminated with E. coli due to the potential presence of pollutants, disruption of natural soil barriers, and the creation of favorable conditions for bacterial growth.
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Which one of the events listed below about Luuwit (Mt. St. Helens) did NOT lead scientists to more carefully monitor the volcano in 1980 before its eruption?
- Ground deformation
- Lava flows
- Earthquakes - Gas emissions
The event which did NOT lead scientists to more carefully monitor the Luuwit (Mt. St. Helens) volcano in 1980 before its eruption is lava flows.
What is Luuwit (Mt. St. Helens)?
Luuwit is an active stratovolcano in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is 96 miles (154 km) south of Seattle and 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Portland, Oregon.
The peak of Luuwit stood at 9,677 feet (2,950 m) before a catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980, decreased its height to 8,363 feet (2,549 m) and left behind a horseshoe-shaped crater.
After more than a century of dormancy, Luuwit came back to life in March 1980, with a sequence of small earthquakes and steam venting events, which were produced by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the volcano that created a small bulge and a fracture system on its north flank.
As a result, scientists began to monitor the volcano's activity with increased attention to try to predict the timing and magnitude of the forthcoming eruption. Lava flows didn't lead scientists to carefully monitor the volcano in 1980 before its eruption.
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how has the sun caused changes in global and hemispheric temperatures over the past millennium? how did global temperatures change during the 20th century? what evidence exists for carbon dioxide as the main cause of global warming from the pre-industrial times to the present?
The sun has caused changes in global and hemispheric temperatures over the past millennium by influencing the amount of solar energy reaching the Earth.
What is the cause of Global warming?The changes in the sun’s energy output over time have had a significant impact on Earth’s climate, including temperature changes.
Global temperatures increased during the 20th century, with the 10 warmest years on record occurring since 1998. This warming trend has been attributed to an increase in greenhouse gas concentrations, primarily carbon dioxide, caused by human activities such as burning fossil fuels.
Evidence for carbon dioxide as the main cause of global warming from pre-industrial times to the present includes measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, which have risen from about 280 parts per million (ppm) in pre-industrial times to over 400 ppm today. This increase is consistent with the burning of fossil fuels, which release large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Additionally, climate models that include the effects of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions are able to accurately reproduce observed global temperature changes, further supporting the idea that human activities are causing the Earth to warm.
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What is the direction of monsoon winds when they enter India and move back?
The direction of monsoon winds when they enter India is from the southwest, while the direction of monsoon winds when they move back is northeast.
What is a monsoon? A monsoon is a seasonal change in atmospheric circulation and precipitation that happens in the tropics and subtropics. During the winter, the monsoon usually carries cold and dry air, whereas in the summer, it brings warm and humid air.
The wind reversal patterns during monsoons are caused by differences in temperature between the continents and oceans. As a result of the Earth's tilt and its annual movement around the sun, the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun in summer and away from it in winter.
Therefore, during the summer, the continents warm up more than the oceans, and the air over the continents rises, causing a low-pressure zone. The air from the ocean then flows towards the low-pressure area, bringing rain to the continent.
When the monsoon winds enter India, they come from the southwest, and when they move back, they come from the northeast. The southwest monsoon, which brings rain to the Indian subcontinent, occurs from June to September, while the northeast monsoon, which mainly affects the southeastern coast of India, occurs from October to December.
The Indian summer monsoon is one of the world's most crucial weather patterns, as it provides water to India's billion-plus population, sustains its agriculture, and is responsible for the country's overall economic growth.
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what country touches the indian ocean, the arabian sea, and the bay of bengal?
Answer:
Kanyakumari touches the Indian ocean , the Arabian sea and the bay of Bengal.
Answer: Main land India
Explanation:
Metamorphism can transform a shale composed of clay (Diagram A) into a metamorphic rock containing many different minerals (Diagram B). The metamorphism of a pure quartz sandstone, however, yields a metamorphic rock containing only quartz. Why? Choose one: A. Quartz in a shale is different than quartz in a sandstone, so it will behave differently under metamorphic conditions. B. The sandstone is made up only of quartz (silicon and oxygen), and there are no other combinations these elements can be arranged into except polymorphs. C. Quartz is a very resistant mineral and does not undergo any metamorphic processes when subjected to intense heat and pressure.
Metamorphism can transform a shale composed of clay (Diagram A) into a metamorphic rock containing many different minerals (Diagram B). The metamorphism of a pure quartz sandstone, however, yields a metamorphic rock containing only quartz because Quartz is a very resistant mineral and does not undergo any metamorphic processes when subjected to intense heat and pressure. The correct option is c.
The process of metamorphism involves changing the protolith, an existing rock, into a new rock with a different mineral composition or texture. The rock remains essentially solid throughout the metamorphism process, which happens at temperatures above 150 °C (300 °F), as well as frequently at high pressures or in the presence of chemically active fluids. Weathering and diagenesis, which are changes that occur at or near the Earth's surface, are not the same as metamorphism.
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someone help with this please I need to do it quick
Answer:
Yes, the trial worked.
Explanation:
The group with the drug had an average of 6.9 babies per litter while the one without meds only had 5 on average per litter.
studies by korpimäki and norrdahl in western finland showed that kestrel and owl densities closely follow variation in vole densities with little delay or lag time. they attributed this rapid numerical response to the
They attributed this rapid numerical response to the owls and kestrels to the fact that they are both highly specialized predators that only hunt small mammals such as voles.
The research showed that when vole densities increase, kestrels and owls respond quickly by increasing their own population numbers, which in turn reduces the vole population. This helps to maintain a balance between the predators and their prey, preventing either population from becoming too large.
This helps to keep the ecosystem in balance and prevent one species from becoming too dominant. Additionally, it can prevent the over-consumption of resources and help to maintain biodiversity.
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The complete question is:
Studies by Korpimäki and Norrdahl in western Finland showed that kestrel and owl densities closely follow variation in vole densities with little delay or lag time. Whom they attributed this rapid numerical response?
What are the coordinates of the point on the directed line segment from (- 2, -2) to (9, 9) that partitions the segment into a ratio of 5 to 6?
Answer:
Explanation:
The coordinates of the point that partitions the line segment from (-2, -2) to (9, 9) into a ratio of 5 to 6 is the point (5.5, 5.5).
To find the coordinates of this point, we need to use the formula for the midpoint of a line segment:
Midpoint = (x1 + x2)/2, (y1 + y2)/2
In this case, x1 = -2, x2 = 9, y1 = -2, y2 = 9.
Therefore, the midpoint = (-2 + 9)/2, (-2 + 9)/2
Substituting the values:
Midpoint = (7/2, 7/2)
Since the midpoint has to be in the ratio of 5 to 6, we divide each of the components of the midpoint by 11/6:
Midpoint = (7/2)/(11/6), (7/2)/(11/6)
Simplifying:
Midpoint = (15/22, 15/22)
Therefore, the coordinates of the point that partitions the line segment from (-2, -2) to (9, 9) into a ratio of 5 to 6 is the point (5.5, 5.5).
This picture shows light-colored granite and darker diorite (igneous). Which statement is true?a. Granite (light) is younger because it is more continental.b. Granite is younger because it crosscuts the diorite.c. Diorite is older because its weathered surfaces are darker.d. All of these statements are true.
The statement that is true in the picture that shows light-colored granite and darker diorite (igneous) is granite is younger because it crosscuts the diorite.
The correct answer is B.
What is granite?Granite is an igneous rock made up of feldspar, mica, and quartz minerals that is coarse-grained and hard. Granite is typically pink, gray, or white, with black and white streaks caused by the inclusion of other minerals such as hornblende and magnetite. Granite forms deep underground as molten rock cools and solidifies over time.
Diorite is a type of igneous rock that is composed mainly of plagioclase feldspar, biotite, and hornblende. The rock is typically coarse-grained, and it is light to dark gray in color. Diorite is often used as a decorative stone for construction due to its durability and attractive appearance, and it is sometimes used as an aggregate in concrete production.
Granite is younger than diorite because it crosscuts diorite, as shown in the photograph. The dark diorite rock was formed first, followed by the light granite rock. Because the granite rock breaks through the diorite rock in the picture, it is clear that the granite is younger than the diorite.
Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
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750mm of rainfall is considered a good amount of rainfall for year , does the area of Ermelo and surroundings receive adequate rainfall yes or no
Yes, the area of Ermelo and its surroundings receive adequate rainfall. The average annual rainfall in this region is approximately 890mm, which falls within the range of 750-1000mm that is considered good for the year.
This amount of rainfall is sufficient for the plants and crops in the area to grow and thrive. The rainfall is also beneficial for the local wildlife and the overall environment of the region.
The region also experiences some wetter months during the summer and drier months during the winter, which helps to ensure that the area has the right amount of water for its plants and animals. Overall, the area of Ermelo and its surrounding areas receives adequate rainfall and is able to support the local wildlife and vegetation.
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based on the soil texture diagram, which type of soil is 40 percent sand 15 percent clay and 45 percent silt?
The soil texture based on the diagram is loam. Loam is a type of soil that contains a combination of sand, silt, and clay in a roughly equal proportion of 40% sand, 15% clay, and 45% silt. Loam soils typically contain high amounts of organic matter, which helps with water and nutrient retention and drainage.
Loam soils typically have good aeration and water-holding capacity, making them a great choice for gardening and landscaping. Loam soils are also good for crop production and are often used in agricultural fields.
Loam soils typically have a crumbly texture and hold together when squeezed. The individual particles of sand, silt, and clay, when mixed together, form a crumb-like texture. This texture helps the soil to absorb and hold onto water, as well as to allow air to flow through the soil.
The 40:15:45 ratio of sand, clay, and silt found in loam soils is the ideal combination for providing a variety of benefits to plants and gardens.
The sand provides good drainage and allows air to move freely through the soil. The clay provides good water and nutrient retention. Finally, the silt provides additional water and nutrient retention, but also allows for drainage.
Overall, loam soils are a great choice for gardening and landscaping. They provide a variety of benefits, such as good drainage, aeration, and water and nutrient retention. Loam soils also have a crumbly texture that can be easily managed and maintained.
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fill in the blank question. special rocks found in antarctica are dated with isotopes to give an average age of earth of 4.55 billion years. we can use these dark-colored
Dark-colored rocks found in Antarctica are an important source of information about the age of the Earth. These rocks are dated using isotope techniques to determine their age, which can provide an average age of Earth of 4.55 billion years.
The isotopic dating process involves measuring the relative concentrations of different isotopes in the rocks, which can tell us how long ago they were formed. The process is useful because the relative concentrations of different isotopes remain relatively constant over time, which allows us to accurately measure the age of the rocks.
The data obtained from the rocks helps to provide a more accurate age of the Earth and confirms the scientific theory that the Earth is 4.55 billion years old. Thus, these dark-colored rocks found in Antarctica provide important evidence for the age of the Earth.
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the solid, outer layer of the earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle is called
Answer:
Lithosphere
Explanation:
The lithosphere is the solid, outer part of Earth. The lithosphere includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust, the outermost layers of Earth’s structure.
How is a person's unknown location determined using the location of 3 known points? A. By calculating the ephemeris B. By determining the pseudorange C. By implementing 3D equilateration D. By using the 2D trilateration process
Using the location of 3 known points the unknown location of a person is determined by applying a 3D equilibration. Here option C is the correct answer.
The process of determining a person's unknown location using the location of three known points is known as trilateration. Trilateration is a mathematical process that involves measuring the distance between the unknown point and each of the known points and then using these measurements to calculate the unknown point's location.
Trilateration can be performed in both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) space. In 2D trilateration, the known points and the unknown point all lie on a flat surface, such as a map, while in 3D trilateration, the points are located in three-dimensional space.
To perform trilateration, the distance between the unknown point and each of the known points must be accurately measured. This can be done using techniques such as GPS (Global Positioning System), where the distance is determined by measuring the pseudo-range between the unknown point and each known point. Once the distances have been determined, the unknown point's location can be calculated using 3D equilibration, which involves solving a system of equations that relates the distances between the points to their respective coordinates.
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what are deep valleys that are formed when the earth’s crust separates and breaks apart?
Deep valleys that are formed when the Earth's crust separates and breaks apart are known as rift valleys.
Rift valleys are long, narrow depressions that occur at divergent plate boundaries, where tectonic plates are moving away from each other. As the plates move apart, magma rises to the surface and solidifies, forming new crust.
Over time, this process can create a series of fault-block mountains and a depression between them, which is the rift valley.
Rift valleys are typically characterized by steep sides and a flat floor and can be found on land or beneath the ocean. Some well-known examples of rift valleys include the East African Rift Valley, the Rhine Valley in Europe, and the Red Sea Rift in the Middle East.
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The early atmosphere on Earth was _____.a. mostly carbon dioxide
b. extremely cold
c. full of oxygen
d. hot
The early atmosphere on Earth was mostly carbon dioxide.
So, the correct answer is A.
What is the atmosphere?An atmosphere is the blanket of gas that surrounds a planet or other celestial object. Earth's atmosphere, which is mainly composed of nitrogen and oxygen, contains small amounts of other gases. The atmosphere can be broken down into several different layers. Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere are the five layers of the Earth's atmosphere. The early atmosphere of Earth was mostly carbon dioxide.
The atmosphere of the Earth comprises a variety of gases, including oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and carbon dioxide. These gases are unevenly distributed in the atmosphere due to the Earth's rotation, atmospheric pressure, and other factors. The majority of the Earth's atmosphere is composed of nitrogen (about 78 percent) and oxygen (about 21 percent). Other gases make up the remaining 1% of the atmosphere, with trace amounts of other elements and compounds contributing to the air we breathe.
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he most distinctive feature of the Mediterranean climate is:
a. light year-round rainfall
b. rather severe winters
c. cool summer temperatures
d. marked winter concentration of rainfall
The most distinctive feature of the Mediterranean climate is the marked winter concentration of rainfall.
So, the correct answer is D.
What is a Mediterranean climate?The term "Mediterranean climate" refers to a weather pattern that is mainly found in the Mediterranean Basin, which is bounded by the Sahara Desert to the south, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Arabian Peninsula to the east. Mediterranean climates are characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters, according to the Köppen climate classification system.
The Mediterranean climate's most distinctive feature is the marked winter concentration of rainfall. Because most Mediterranean regions get most of their rainfall in the winter, this is the case. Summers are mostly dry, with little or no precipitation.
A) light year-round rainfall, B) rather severe winters, and C) cool summer temperatures are not the most distinctive characteristics of a Mediterranean climate.
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Coal beds originate in ____________. a). shallow lakes in a dry, desert region. b. channels of fast-moving streams. c. deep, marine basins below wave action. d. freshwater coastal swamps and bogs
The right answer is option d) freshwater coastal swamps and bogs. Coal beds are formed from the accumulation of dead plant material that has been buried and compressed over time.
This plant material accumulates in oxygen-poor environments such as swamps and bogs, where it is slowly transformed into peat, a precursor to coal. As more and more plant material is deposited and buried, the weight of overlying sediment compresses the peat, causing it to lose water and become denser. Over millions of years, this process transforms the peat into coal.
Therefore, coal beds are typically found in areas that were once covered by large, freshwater swamps and bogs, such as the Carboniferous period (about 300 million years ago) in North America and Europe.
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Which characteristic of water protects fish when a lake freezes? A. cohesion. B. All of the these characteristics. C. water as a solvent. D. water is less dens
Answer:
D
Explanation:
what happens when a glacier encounters the sea or a lake?
Answer:
Icebergs form
Explanation:
Large blocks of ice collapse off the the front of the glacier and become icebergs.
People on Simeulue Island knew to run to high ground when a very large ______ occurred in 2004 because they remembered their ancestors stories of large waves following ground shaking.
Answer: tsunami
Explanation:
the study of the alignment of magnetic minerals in rock, specifically as it relates to the reversal of earth’s magnetic poles; also the magnetic properties that rock acquires during formation is called?
The study of the alignment of magnetic minerals in rock, particularly in relation to the reversal of the earth's magnetic poles, is referred to as paleomagnetism. Paleomagnetism is the scientific study of the history of the Earth's magnetic field. It is an important tool for studying the Earth's ancient magnetic field and its behavior over time.
Paleomagnetism is a branch of geophysics that has grown in popularity over the last few decades. This technique is used to determine the orientation of the Earth's magnetic field in the past. Paleomagnetism has the ability to measure the magnetic field of rocks at various times in history. By analyzing the magnetic properties of the rocks, researchers can better understand how the Earth's magnetic field has changed over time.
When rocks form, they become magnetized in the direction of the Earth's magnetic field at that time. The minerals in the rock align themselves with the magnetic field, leaving a record of the Earth's magnetic field. This magnetization remains frozen in the rock, providing scientists with a record of the Earth's magnetic field at the time the rock formed.
Paleomagnetism has several applications, including geologic dating, tectonic plate reconstructions, and the study of continental drift. Paleomagnetism has contributed to our understanding of the history of the Earth's magnetic field, including its reversals and fluctuations, and its impact on the Earth's climate and life.
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Which of the following metamorphic rocks could have a parent rock (protolith) of shale? Slate, Phyllite, Gneiss, Schist
Slate, Phyllite, Gneiss, and Schist are all metamorphic rocks that can have a parent rock (protolith) of shale.
Slate is a type of metamorphic rock that forms when shale is put under low pressure and moderate heat. It has a fine-grained, platy texture and usually appears in shades of gray or black.
Phyllite is a metamorphic rock that forms when shale is put under high pressure and moderate heat. It has a foliated, glossy surface and appears in shades of gray, green, and pink.
Gneiss is a type of metamorphic rock that forms when shale is put under high pressure and high heat. It has a distinct banded texture and is typically shades of black, gray, and red.
Schist is a type of metamorphic rock that forms when shale is put under high pressure and intense heat. It has a foliated texture and can appear in shades of green, black, red, or white.
In conclusion, Slate, Phyllite, Gneiss, and Schist are all metamorphic rocks that can have a parent rock (protolith) of shale. Each of these metamorphic rocks is formed when shale is put under different levels of pressure and heat, and each has its own distinct appearance.
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On the map of Asia, the star is marking which of the following countries?
China
Japan
North Korea
South Korea
Answer:
The star is marking South Korea on the map of Asia
Consider an air parcel that initially features a northward trajectory from the equator towards the North Pole. How will the Coriolis force act on this air parcel once it starts moving? The parcel's trajectory will veer towards the west The parcel's trajectory will veer towards the east The parcel's trajectory will continue north The parcel's trajectory will reverse and move south
The Coriolis force act on this air parcel once it starts moving the parcel's trajectory will veer towards the east. So the option B is correct.
Once this air parcel begins to move, the Coriolis force will begin to act on it, causing the air parcel's trajectory to veer towards the east. This is because the Coriolis force is a force that acts perpendicular to the direction of motion and the rotation of the Earth. This force causes the parcel to move in a curved path rather than a straight line. The curved path results in the air parcel veering towards the east. So the option B is correct.
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A fog that develops when warm, moist air blows over a cold current (such as the California Current) is an example of ____ fog.a) evaporationb) radiationc) convectiond) advection
The fog that develops when warm, moist air blows over a cold current (such as the California Current) is an example of advection fog. Advection fog occurs when warm, moist air blows over a cooler surface, resulting in cooling of the air and condensation of the moisture, forming fog.
When the warm air blows over the cold current, it is cooled and its capacity to hold moisture decreases. This causes some of the moisture to condense, forming droplets of water, or fog. As the warm air is cooled and continues to move, it brings more moisture, leading to an increase in fog.
Advection fog is common in coastal areas, especially during the summer months when the cold ocean current is juxtaposed with the warm landmass. It is also common in the Rocky Mountains when warm air from the Pacific moves over the cold Rocky Mountains.
Advection fog is often seen as a low, stratus cloud that can range from thin to quite dense. It can form over a wide area and may linger for several days. It can reduce visibility to a few hundred feet and can cause dangerous driving conditions due to the low visibility.
Advection fog is a very common type of fog and can be seen in many places around the world. It is an important factor to consider when planning activities in coastal areas or near mountains.
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sort each statement below into the appropriate bin based on whether it is something that scientists knew about pluto or its moon charon before the new horizons flyby, is something learned as a result of the new horizons flyby, or is something that seems possible from the new horizons mission but for which we'll need additional data to establish it with certainty.
Pluto and Charon are tidally locked: This is something that scientists knew about Pluto and its moon Charon before the New Horizons flyby. Tidal locking occurs when an object's orbital period is the same as its rotational period, meaning that the same side of the object is always facing the other.
In this case, the same sides of Pluto and Charon are always facing each other as they orbit one another. The likelihood of this happening was predicted before the mission based on the distance between Pluto and Charon and the gravitational forces between them, and the New Horizons flyby confirmed this to be the case.
Charon has a tenuous atmosphere: This is something that was learned as a result of the New Horizons flyby. Before the mission, scientists suspected that Charon may have an atmosphere, but data from New Horizons showed that the atmosphere is much more substantial than expected.
The flyby revealed that the atmosphere is composed mostly of nitrogen and methane, and is about 100,000 times thinner than Earth's atmosphere. Additional data is needed to establish the atmosphere's exact composition and other details.
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Examine the flutes/flute casts on the sample (i.e., rotate and zoom in on the 3-D sample). Based on your observations of the flute geometries and knowing how these flute casts form, label the sample with the correct flow direction and top/bottom interpretation. (A) Upstream / Bed Top Upstream / Bed Bottom Downstream / Bed Top Downstream / Bed Bottom
The preserved remains of water running over and eroding sediments are known as flute casts, also known as sole marks.
What does softer sediment do?Softer sediment must cover the exposed surface and fill in the structures that the water has eroded in order to be preserved. A small dip is swept by the water, with a sharp angle on the upstream side and a lower angle on the downstream side.
Turbidity currents are the most prevalent geologic phenomenon that cause flute castings (underwater sediment slides).
Based on the observation of the flute geometries, the correct flow direction and top/bottom interpretation is done below.
By examining the flutes/flute casts geometries on the sample, the current direction is marked on the sample below. (see image)
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