does freezing involve the creation of a crystal structure

The noble gas shorthand configuration for ruthenium would have Kr noble gas as its core.

Generally, the electron configuration of an element describes how electrons are distributed among its atomic orbitals. Basically, electron configurations of atoms follow a standard notation in which all electron-containing atomic subshells along with the number of electrons they hold written in superscript and are placed in a sequence.

The electronic configuration of Kr is given as,

Kr = [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶

Hence, the atomic number of ruthenium is 44. So, the noble gas used for shorthand configuration for ruthenium is Krypton (Kr).

Therefore, the correct option is D.

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Bond order of N2 is 3. It is a naturally occurring as a diatomic gas. N2 has a triple covalent bond between the nitrogen atoms.

The bond order is defined as a formal measure of the multiplicity of a covalent bond between two atoms. Bond order is the difference between the numbers of electron pairs in bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals. It is the number of bonding pairs of electrons between  the two atoms. A single bond has a bond order of one and a double bond has a bond order of two and a triple bond has a bond order of three in a covalent bond. A high bond order indicates that there is more attraction between the electrons. A higher bond order means that the atoms are held more tightly together. It indicates the stability of the bond. There is the greater the stability with higher bond order.

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Answer: It has something to do with the enthalpy

Explanation: Remember that positive enthalpy is when heat is being absorbed, which is shown in this case.

The forward reaction rate constant divided by the reverse reaction rate constant is equal to the equilibrium constant.

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The C₃H₆ lewis structure is as follows :

    H       H

     ..        ..

    C :: C : C : H

     °°      °°     °°

     H      H    H

The C₃H₆ that is the Propene is the  lewis structure that has three Carbon atoms (C) is at the center and the carbon atoms are surrounded by the Hydrogen atoms (H). The compound will contains the six C-H bonds, the one C-C bond and the one C=C bond. The propene is the unsaturated hydrocarbon.

The Lewis structures, also called as the Lewis dot formulas, or the Lewis dot structures, or the electron dot structures, or the Lewis electron dot structures.

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The Lewis structure for C3H6 (propene) is created by connecting 3 carbon atoms in a row with single bonds, attaching 6 hydrogen atoms, and then distributing the remaining valence electrons such that a double bond is created between the first two carbon atoms.

The Lewis structure for C3H6, also known as propene, involves a process to account for all electrons.

1. First, calculate the total amount of valence electrons. Carbon (C) has 4 valence electrons and Hydrogen (H) has 1 valence electron. So, the total valence electrons will be (3*4) + (6*1) = 18.

2. Draw the skeletal structure. Place the 3 carbon atoms in a row and connect them with single bonds. Then, attach the 6 hydrogen atoms to the carbon atoms. This initial structure will take up 8 electrons (4 bonds).

3. Distribute the remaining electrons. 10 electrons remain which form a double bond between the first and second carbon atoms, and the rest are evenly distributed to the terminal carbons, completing their octets.

4. The final Lewis structure would be H2C=CH-CH3. The first and second carbon atoms are connected by a double bond.

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The balanced chemical equation for the combustion of diesel is 2 C₁₆H₃O+15 O₂[tex]\rightarrow[/tex]32 CO₂ +3 H₂O.

Chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction which is written in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactants are present on the left hand side while the products are present on the right hand side.

A plus sign is present between reactants and products if they are more than one in any case and an arrow is present pointing towards the product side which indicates the direction of the reaction .There are coefficients present next to the chemical symbols and formulas .

The first chemical equation was put forth by Jean Beguin in 1615.By making use of chemical equations the direction of reaction ,state of reactants and products can be stated. In the chemical equations even the temperature to be maintained and catalyst can be mentioned.

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The strongest interparticle force present in the  sample of H₃PO₄ is the correct is  e. ion―dipole forces.

The intermolecular force of the attraction is the molecule H₃PO₄ that is phosphoric acid is the ion - dipole forces. The ion - dipole force is  the attractive force that will results from the electrostatic attraction in  between the ion and the neutral molecule that will have the dipole. The intermolecular force of attraction is the attractive and the repulsive forces that will arise in between the molecules of the substance.

Thus, the  H₃PO₄ that is phosphoric acid sample has the strongest ion - dipole forces of intermolecular attraction.

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The polyester that is formed in the reaction between ethylene glycol and phthalic anhydride is called polyethylene terephthalate (PET).

PET is a thermoplastic polymer that is used in a wide range of applications, including textile fibers, packaging films, and engineering plastics. It is formed by the condensation polymerization of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid (or its dimethyl ester), but phthalic anhydride can also be used in place of terephthalic acid.

In the reaction between ethylene glycol and phthalic anhydride, the two monomers undergo a condensation reaction to form a linear polyester chain with ester linkages between the monomer units. This polyester chain can then undergo further reactions to form a variety of different structures and materials.

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The element has the lowest 1st ionization energy is N ( nitrogen). Th correct answer is C.

First, the energy needed to remove one electron from a neutral atom in order to create a positive ion is referred to as the ionization energy or ionization potential. It is described as the energy difference between a neutral atom's and a positive ion's ground states.

The ease with which an atom can lose electrons and produce positive ions makes the initial ionization energy a crucial chemical feature of an element.

Higher first ionization energy suggest that removing an electron from an atom is more challenging, whereas lower first ionization energies suggest that removing an electron from an atom is simpler.

For each element, the first ionization energy varies, and it can be used to determine an element's electron configuration, electron affinity, reactivity, and chemical behavior.

Since nitrogen is a nonmetal, it has a lower initial ionization energy than metal elements like bismuth (Bi) or antimony (Sb).

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Famotidine is the name of the generic version of Pepcid, a drug used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Famotidine is a member of a group of drugs known as histamine-2 (H2) blockers, which lessen the formation of stomach acid. Famotidine can aid in the relief of GERD symptoms such heartburn, regurgitation, and difficulty swallowing by lowering the quantity of acid in the stomach. There are several different formulations of famotidine, including tablets, capsules, and oral suspension.

Famotidine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs known as histamine-2 (H2) blockers. It is used to decrease the production of stomach acid and is commonly used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

It works by blocking the action of histamine, a chemical in the body that stimulates the stomach to produce acid. By reducing the amount of acid in the stomach, famotidine can help relieve the symptoms of acid reflux and ulcers, such as heartburn, indigestion, and stomach pain.

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The chemical name for N2F4 is Dinitrogen tetrafluoride. It is also known as Tetrafluoro hydrazine.

Tetrafluoro hydrazine have the chemical formula N2F4. It is a colorless, reactive inorganic gas. It is also called as perfluoro hydrazine and is a fluorinated analog of hydrazine. This is a highly hazardous chemical that explodes in the presence of organic materials. Tetrafluoro hydrazine is manufactured from nitrogen trifluoride. It is manufactured by using an iron catalyst or iron(II) fluoride. It is used in chemical syntheses as a precursor or a catalyst. At room temperature, N2F4 is mostly associated with only 0.7% in the form of NF2. It was considered for use as a high energy liquid oxidizer. This is also called as Dinitro tetrafluoride.

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The molar mass of NaBr will be 102.89 g/mol.

Sodium bromide (NaBr) is a white crystalline ionic compound that is made up of sodium cations (Na⁺) and bromide anions (Br⁻). It is used in various applications, including as a sedative, in the oil industry, and in the manufacture of photographic chemicals.

The molar mass of NaBr can be calculated by adding the atomic masses of sodium (Na) and bromine (Br) in one mole of NaBr. The atomic mass of sodium is 22.99 g/mol and the atomic mass of bromine is 79.90 g/mol, as found in the periodic table.

Therefore, the molar mass of NaBr is:

Molar mass of NaBr = atomic mass of Na + atomic mass of Br

Molar mass of NaBr = 22.99 g/mol + 79.90 g/mol

Molar mass of NaBr = 102.89 g/mol

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Two atoms with various electronegativity levels. The electrons in a bond are not distributed equally when one atom is bound to a more electronegative atom. Polar covalent bonds are this kind of bond.

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Milk is considered to be slightly acidic.

This is because it contains lactic acid, which gives it a slightly sour taste. However, it is not as acidic as substances like vinegar or lemon juice. The pH of milk is typically around 6.5-6.7, which is just below neutral on the pH scale (neutral is 7.0).
Mammary glands in mammals generate milk, a clear liquid meal. Before they can digest solid food, it serves as a young mammal's main source of nutrition. Milk immunity is a result of immune-related and immune-modulating elements.

It is important to note that the pH of milk can vary depending on factors such as the type of cow, the cow's diet, and the processing of the milk. However, in general, milk is considered to be an acid rather than a base.

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The correct option is (a), an area where there is a high chance of finding an electron is the nucleus of an atom.

Identified by a unique combination of four quantum numbers; identified by a unique combination of three quantum numbers. Defined by the wave function (Psi) or the square of the wave function (|Psi|²). An atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the probability of finding an electron at a particular location in an atom. The wave function (Psi) defines the shape of the orbital, and the square of the wave function (|Psi|²) gives the probability density of finding an electron at a particular location. The quantum numbers that identify an atomic orbital include the principal quantum number (n), the angular momentum quantum number (l), the magnetic quantum number (m), and the spin quantum number (s). The values of these quantum numbers determine the energy, shape, and orientation of the orbital. An atomic orbital does not refer to a shell in an atom containing the valence electrons, as a shell is a collection of orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n). Valence electrons are the outermost electrons in an atom and are located in the highest energy level, which may consist of one or more shells.

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The rank according to their reactivity toward electrophilic substitution:

A) Benzene > Chlorobenzene > o-dichlorobenzene

B) Phenol Nitrobenzene > p-bromo > nitrobenzene

C) o-xylene > fluorobenzene > benzaldehyde

D) p-methoxybenzonitrile > p-methyl benzonitrile > benzonitrile

A chemical process in which an electrophile replaces a functional group on a molecule (an electron-deficient species). Typically, a hydrogen atom is the one that is replaced.

Two types of electrophilic substitution exist:

Aromatic electrophilic substitution occurs when an electrophile swaps out an atom that is connected to the aromatic ring. In this, an electrophile takes the place of a hydrogen atom that was previously attached to a benzene ring. Examples include the Friedel Craft reaction, aromatic sulphonation, and aromatic nitration.

Alkylation using electrophiles

In an aliphatic electrophilic substitution process, the functional group from the aliphatic molecule is replaced by an electrophile. Examples include diazonium coupling, halogenation of ketones, nitrosation, and keto-enol tautomerism.

The reactivity of aromatic or aliphatic compounds towards electrophilic substitution varies depending on the kind of the electron-withdrawing group linked to the component.

Step 2: Prioritizing electrophilic substitution for chlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, and benzene

One Cl atom is joined to the benzene ring in chlorobenzene. Since Cl is a deactivating or electron-withdrawing group, it increases the likelihood that an electrophile may attack chlorobenzene as opposed to the unsubstituted benzene nucleus, where there is no electron-withdrawing group.

Now, two Cl groups (electron-withdrawing groups) are present in o-dichlorobenzene, which results in a greater reduction in the electron density on the ring than was the case with just one Cl in chlorobenzene. Therefore, the more a group's capacity is attached,

Benzene > Chlorobenzene > o-dichlorobenzene

Step 3: P-bromonitrobenzene, nitrobenzene, and phenol are ranked in order of preference for electrophilic substitution

In phenol, the benzene ring has a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to it. This -OH group raises the electron density on the ring (the activating group) due to the mesomeric effect, making it more nucleophilic and susceptible to attack by an electrophile.

In contrast, nitrobenzene has an electron-withdrawing group linked to the nitro group, which lowers the electron density at the benzene nucleus, increasing its electrophilicity and decreasing its susceptibility to attack by an electrophile.

Two deactivating groups are present in p-bromonitrobenzene, which reduces the nucleophilicity of the benzene nucleus more than a single nitro group did in nitrobenzene.

Summarizing all of this, the final ranking is as follows:

P-bromo nitrobenzene, or phenol nitrobenzene

P-bromonitrobenzene has two deactivating groups, reducing the nucleophilicity of the benzene nucleus more than nitrobenzene's single nitro group did.

In conclusion, the following is the final ranking:

Phenol Nitrobenzene > p-bromo > nitrobenzene

Step 4: Prioritizing electrophilic substitution for fluorobenzene, benzaldehyde, and o-xylene

O-xylene contains two methyl groups.

are present at positions 1, 2, and 3. As a result of the +Inductive effect (electron releasing group), methyl groups enhance the electron density at the aromatic ring, making it more nucleophilic and susceptible to assault by an electrophile.

The F, however, reduces the electron density on the benzene nucleus by the -I effect, but the -CHO group reduces via both the -Inductive effect and the mesomeric effect (prominent). Therefore, -CHO reduces the electron density at the benzene nucleus by a significantly greater amount than does F.

Consequently, the following rating will be in order:

O-xylene > Fluorobenzene > Benzaldehyde

Step 5: Prioritizing electrophilic substitution for benzonitrile, p-methylbenzonitrile, and p-methoxybenzonitrile

All of the compounds listed contain the nitrile group, which reduces the electron density on the benzene nucleus through the mesomeric and inductive effects, making the benzene less nucleophilic and more resistant to electrophile assault.

In addition to the nitrile group, p-methyl benzonitrile also contains a methyl group at the para position, which increases the electron density at benzonitrile by +Inductive effect, making it more nucleophilic.

In contrast, p-methoxybenzonitrile also contains a methoxy group at the para position, which increases benzonitrile's electron density by mesomeric effect (more prominent than inductive effect), making it the most susceptible to electro. So, the order as follows:

p-methoxybenzonitrile > p-methyl benzonitrile > benzonitrile

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Water is essential to life for multiple reasons, including its ability to dissolve a wide variety of substances, play a role in chemical reactions, and regulate temperature. (All Options)

Water is a unique and versatile substance that plays a crucial role in supporting life on Earth. One of its most important properties is its ability to dissolve a wide variety of substances, which makes it a vital component of many biological processes. For example, water helps to transport essential nutrients, minerals, and waste products throughout the body. Additionally, water plays a central role in many chemical reactions, such as those that occur in metabolic processes and energy production.

Finally, water is a good conductor of heat and helps to regulate temperature, which is essential for maintaining the stability of biological systems. Overall, water is an essential component of life and its properties play a critical role in supporting the diverse range of living organisms found on Earth.

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The types of the nonequivalent protons are present in each of the molecules is :

a) 4

b) 4

c) 2

The proton that is having the different environment and all the protons will give the different peaks is the non equivalent proton and if the proton will shares the same environment and all the protons will gave the same singles or the  peaks called as the  the equivalent protons.

a) 6 H will produce the same 1 signal and the 2 carbon and the 4 hydrogen will produce the 1 signal and same as the 3 carbon and the 4 hydrogen will produce the 1 signal and last 4 carbon will produce 1 signal.

b) The compound also contains the 4 non equivalent proton .

c)  The 1 signal and 1 equivalent proton and 2 will produce 1 signal so. The total 2 non equivalent proton.

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When the free energy of the reaction is lower in the products than it is in the reactants, the reaction is exergonic.

An exergonic reaction is a spontaneous chemical reaction that releases energy as a result of the products having lower free energy than the reactants. This means that the reaction can occur spontaneously without the need for additional energy input. The difference in free energy between the reactants and the products determines the amount of energy that is released during the reaction. In contrast, an endergonic reaction is a non-spontaneous chemical reaction that requires energy input to occur, and the free energy of the products is higher than that of the reactants.

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The Sulfur hexafluoride molecule, SF₆ consists six fluorine atoms with sulfur as central atom. Thus the ideal molecular geometry for SF₆ is octahedral.

Sulfur hexafluoride, or SF₆, is an inorganic greenhouse gas. It is non-flammable, odorless and colorless. In order to determine the Lewis structure of any molecule, we must first know the total number of valence electrons. Here we find the total number of valence electrons for SF₆, by adding the valence electrons for the sulfur and fluorine atoms. Total valence electrons in SF₆

= Sulfur valence electrons + Fluorine valence electrons. Total number of valence electrons in SF₆= 6 + 7×6 = 6 + 42

= 48 valence electrons

SF₆ therefore has 48 valence electrons.

Now look at the sulfur hexafluoride molecule, the sulfur is in the central position with the fluorine atoms arranged symmetrically around it. The atoms are arranged in an octahedral pattern, making the molecular geometry of SF₆ octahedral.

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The new volume of the gas sample will be 1.86 L at 288.5 K.

The volume of a gas sample can be calculated from the equation of Charles's law given below.

Where

V1 and T1 are the initial volume and temperature, and V2 and T2 are the final volume and temperature.

Rearranging the equation, we can find the final volume:

V2 = V1 * T2 / T1 = 1.95 L * 288.5 K / 301.5 K = 1.86 L

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The bond order of N₂ is three.

Generally, bond order is described as the number of bonding pairs of electrons that is present between two atoms. Basically, between two atoms in a covalent bond, the bond order of a single bond is of one, the bond order of a double bond is of two, and the bond order of a triple bond is of three, and trend goes so on.

Mathematically,

Bond order = [Bonding molecules' number of electrons – Antibonding molecules' number of electrons] × 1/2.

Hence, bond order of both N2+ and N2- is 3, but according to the molecular orbital theory, N2- has more antibonding electrons than N2+.

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The average distance between oxygen molecules at STP is approximately 1.9 × 10^-8 cm.

What is Atomic Radius ?

Atomic radius is the distance between the nucleus of an atom and its valence electrons. It is typically measured in picometers (pm) or angstroms (Å) and is used to describe the size of an atom. The atomic radius can vary depending on the element and its electronic configuration, and can also vary in different states (ionization states, for example). The trend for atomic radius generally increases down a group on the periodic table and decreases across a period from left to right.

where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature.

The volume of one mole of gas at STP is 22.4 L according to the molar volume of a gas.

For oxygen gas (O2), the molar mass is approximately 32 g/mol. Therefore, one mole of oxygen gas contains 6.02 × 10^23 oxygen molecules.

Using the ideal gas law, we can solve for the volume of one oxygen molecule:

V = (RT/P) * (1/n)

V = (0.0821 L atm/mol K * 273 K / 1 atm) * (1 / 6.02 × 10^23 molecules)

V ≈ 4.0 × 10^-23 L

The volume of one oxygen molecule is incredibly small, so the average distance between oxygen molecules at STP is very close to zero. However, we can estimate the average distance by assuming that the molecules are arranged in a regular pattern, such as a simple cubic lattice.

In a simple cubic lattice, each oxygen molecule is surrounded by six nearest neighbors. The distance between adjacent molecules is equal to the cube root of the volume of one molecule and its six neighbors:

d = (V_molecules/6)^(1/3)

d = (4.0 × 10^-23 L / 6)^(1/3)

d ≈ 1.9 × 10^-8 cm

Therefore, the average distance between oxygen molecules at STP is approximately 1.9 × 10^-8 cm.

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Molarity and molality are both measures of concentration of a solute in a solution, but they are different in their units and how they are calculated.

Molarity (M) is termed as number of moles of the solute per liter of the solution. Molarity is expressed in moles per liter (mol/L) or sometimes written as "M." For example, a 1 M solution of NaCl contains 1 mole of NaCl dissolved in 1 liter of solution.

Molality (m) is termed as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of the solvent. Molality is expressed in the moles per kilogram (mol/kg). For example, a 1 mol/kg solution of NaCl contains 1 mole of NaCl dissolved in 1 kilogram of solvent (usually water).

The main difference between the molarity and the molality is that molarity is based on the volume of solution, while molality is based on mass of the solvent. This means that molarity is affected by changes in temperature and pressure, whereas molality is not.

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The inverse function of c(n) would give us the number of visits n as a function of the monthly cost c.

To find the inverse function, you will have to write n in terms of c (which means number of visits as function of monthly cost). To do this, you can rearrange the equation c(n) = 50 + 4n to obtain n = (c - 50) / 4.

The value of c(7) is c = 50 + 4n = 50 + 4(7) = 78 . This means that if you spend 78 dollars on a gym every month, you will have made 7 visits in total.

Additionally, it can also be useful to find the inverse function of c(n) if you have a budget in mind but don't know how many visits you can make within that budget. In this case, you can plug your budget into the inverse function to figure out how many visits you can make with the given amount of money.

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The boiling point or temperature at which methane molecule, CH₄, in its liquid state starts to form vapours is equals to the -258.9°F.

Methane: The molecular formula of methane is CH₄. Like other chemical compounds, methane also has physical properties, including boiling point, melting point, freezing point, etc. The boiling point is the temperature at which methane becomes a gas. The boiling point is the temperature at which the pressure exerted by the surroundings on the liquid equals the pressure exerted by the vapor of the liquid. It is a molecule with no hydrogen bonding (visible only between N/O/F and H), and since hydrogen bonding is by far the strongest intermolecular force, methane boils the coldest. It also has no permanent dipole permanent dipole forces due to it being tetrahedral so all the dipoles cancel and thus boils at a very low -162 °C. Therefore, the boiling point of methane is -258.9°F.

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Types of isomers that differ in the arrangement of covalent atoms are structural isomers.

Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas and do not necessarily share the same properties. Generally, isomers have similar chemical properties to each other. In general, isomers are divided into two, namely structural isomers and geometric isomers.

Structural isomers occur due to differences in the arrangement of structural bonds between atoms and functional groups in a molecule. There are three types of structural isomers namely skeletal isomers, positional isomers and functional group isomers.

Geometric isomers are isomers that are caused by a limitation of free rotation of a bond in a molecule. In contrast to structural isomers, these isomers occur only in compounds that have a rigid bond with two dissimilar sides and, usually, occur in alkenes.

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Xenon difluoride (XeF₂) is a non-polar compound.

Generally covalent compounds in which there is no electronegativity difference are defined as non-polar covalent compounds. In these type of compounds, there is no change of electronegativity such that there is no motion of bond pair of electrons moving towards the bonded atoms. Non-polar compounds usually possess symmetrical polar bonds that can cancel out some sort of net dipole.

In Xenon difluoride molecule fluorine and xenon atoms generally forms two covalent bonds (Xe-F) with each other. Fluorine atom usually attracts bonded electron pair towards itself due to higher electronegativity. Then fluorine usually acquires a negative charge while xenon acquires a positive charge. And the compound becomes non-polar.

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This situation is possible if Metal Block A has a lower specific heat capacity than Metal Block B. Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius per unit of mass.

Specific heat is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one unit of mass of a substance by one degree Celsius or Kelvin. It is a characteristic property of a substance and is expressed in units of J/(g·°C) or J/(g·K). Substances with a higher specific heat require more energy to raise their temperature compared to substances with a lower specific heat.

Here,

If a substance has a lower specific heat capacity, it means that it requires less heat energy to raise its temperature. So, if both blocks are made from the same substance but have different specific heat capacities, heating them for the same amount of time on the same stove would result in Metal Block A having a higher temperature than Metal Block B.

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