Earth's albedo decreases as the amount of snow and ice covering the surface decreases as a result of melting caused by rising global temperatures.
What factor that affects climate is albedo?The ability to reflect sunlight into space is known as albedo. Sunlight is reflected by deserts, clouds, ice and snow, and aerosols (particles in the air). The more solar energy that is reflected, the higher the albedo; the chillier The albedo is also raised as the ice cover expands as the temperature drops. The growing conditions for alpine grasslands on the TP, where temperature is the primary constraining factor, are improved by increased vegetation coverage, which results in a lower surface albedo and more energy absorbed (Bonan et al. 1992, Betts 2000, Barnes and Roy 2008).
A natural greenhouse effect is the cause of the warm global climate on Earth. Earth's surface is heated by the majority of the Sun's light as it passes through the atmosphere. Infrared radiation is released by the warmed oceans and land. Heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere of Earth absorb some of the infrared radiation.
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the study of the alignment of magnetic minerals in rock, specifically as it relates to the reversal of earth’s magnetic poles; also the magnetic properties that rock acquires during formation is called?
The study of the alignment of magnetic minerals in rock, particularly in relation to the reversal of the earth's magnetic poles, is referred to as paleomagnetism. Paleomagnetism is the scientific study of the history of the Earth's magnetic field. It is an important tool for studying the Earth's ancient magnetic field and its behavior over time.
Paleomagnetism is a branch of geophysics that has grown in popularity over the last few decades. This technique is used to determine the orientation of the Earth's magnetic field in the past. Paleomagnetism has the ability to measure the magnetic field of rocks at various times in history. By analyzing the magnetic properties of the rocks, researchers can better understand how the Earth's magnetic field has changed over time.
When rocks form, they become magnetized in the direction of the Earth's magnetic field at that time. The minerals in the rock align themselves with the magnetic field, leaving a record of the Earth's magnetic field. This magnetization remains frozen in the rock, providing scientists with a record of the Earth's magnetic field at the time the rock formed.
Paleomagnetism has several applications, including geologic dating, tectonic plate reconstructions, and the study of continental drift. Paleomagnetism has contributed to our understanding of the history of the Earth's magnetic field, including its reversals and fluctuations, and its impact on the Earth's climate and life.
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In the ocean near antarctica, small crustaceans called krill eat algae and other phytoplankton. krill are eaten by many animals in the ocean, including blue whales, penguins, and fish such as herring. based on this information, which food web correctly shows the flow of energy in this ecosystem?
The food web in the ocean near Antarctica can be described as follows: The primary producers are the algae and phytoplankton, which are then eaten by the primary consumers, the krill.
The krill are then eaten by the secondary consumers, such as blue whales, penguins, and herring. These secondary consumers are then consumed by tertiary consumers, such as seals and other predators.
Finally, the tertiary consumers are eaten by decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, which break down the organic matter and release energy back into the environment. This cycle of energy flow is what sustains the marine life in the ocean near Antarctica.
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the distinctive vertical joints seen in this basalt flow most likely formed as a consequence of which of the following?
The distinctive vertical joints seen in this basalt flow most likely formed as a consequence of thermal contraction. Thermal contraction occurs when hot molten rock cools and contracts upon cooling. As the rock cools, fractures form which create the vertical joints seen in the basalt flow.
Thermal contraction is common in basalt flows and can result in a variety of joint types, depending on the rate of cooling. As the molten rock cools, it contracts and fractures, resulting in a network of vertical and horizontal fractures, which can range in size from millimeters to centimeters. As the rock cools further, these fractures can become more pronounced, resulting in distinct vertical columns of rock.
The rate of cooling of the molten rock is a major factor in determining the size and pattern of the vertical joints in the basalt flow. If the molten rock cools quickly, it contracts more rapidly and thus more fractures form, creating a more pronounced pattern of vertical joints.
Conversely, if the molten rock cools slowly, the contraction is slower and less fractures form, resulting in a less pronounced pattern of vertical joints.
The cooling of the molten rock is also affected by the type of environment it is exposed to. Basalt flows in a temperate environment will cool at a slower rate than those exposed to a colder environment, thus producing a different pattern of vertical joints.
In conclusion, the distinctive vertical joints seen in this basalt flow most likely formed as a consequence of thermal contraction. The size and pattern of the joints is affected by the rate of cooling of the molten rock, as well as the type of environment it is exposed to.
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what the four mechanisms that cause air to rise and create clouds?
There are four lifting mechanisms that form clouds: Orographic Lifting, Convection, Convergence, and Updraft.
Convection: This occurs when warm air rises because it is less dense than cooler air. As the warm air rises, it cools and its moisture condenses into visible clouds. Convection is common in areas with strong solar heating, such as the tropics.
Orographic lifting: This occurs when air is forced to rise as it encounters a mountain or other topographic barrier. As the air rises, it cools and its moisture condenses into clouds. Orographic lifting can create significant amounts of precipitation on the windward side of a mountain range.
Convergence: This occurs when air flows into a region from different directions, causing it to pile up and rise. As the air rises, it cools and its moisture condenses into clouds. Convergence is often associated with the formation of thunderstorms.
Frontal lifting: This occurs when warm air and cold air collide, with the denser cold air wedging underneath the warmer air and lifting it. As the air rises, it cools and its moisture condenses into clouds. Frontal lifting is often associated with the formation of mid-latitude cyclones and their associated precipitation.
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What is the direction of monsoon winds when they enter India and move back?
The direction of monsoon winds when they enter India is from the southwest, while the direction of monsoon winds when they move back is northeast.
What is a monsoon? A monsoon is a seasonal change in atmospheric circulation and precipitation that happens in the tropics and subtropics. During the winter, the monsoon usually carries cold and dry air, whereas in the summer, it brings warm and humid air.
The wind reversal patterns during monsoons are caused by differences in temperature between the continents and oceans. As a result of the Earth's tilt and its annual movement around the sun, the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun in summer and away from it in winter.
Therefore, during the summer, the continents warm up more than the oceans, and the air over the continents rises, causing a low-pressure zone. The air from the ocean then flows towards the low-pressure area, bringing rain to the continent.
When the monsoon winds enter India, they come from the southwest, and when they move back, they come from the northeast. The southwest monsoon, which brings rain to the Indian subcontinent, occurs from June to September, while the northeast monsoon, which mainly affects the southeastern coast of India, occurs from October to December.
The Indian summer monsoon is one of the world's most crucial weather patterns, as it provides water to India's billion-plus population, sustains its agriculture, and is responsible for the country's overall economic growth.
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HOW CAN ABUSE OF POWER FROM THE
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT OF A STATE LEAD TO
DEVOLUTION?
The statutory delegation of powers from a sovereign state's central government to govern at a subnational level, such as a regional or local level, is known as devolution. It is a type of decentralization in the administration.
How does devolution work?Devolution is the process of handing over power to subnational (state, regional, or local) authorities from a central government. Instead of changing a nation's constitution, devolution typically occurs through traditional statutes; Because the subnational authorities' powers can be withdrawn at any time by the central government, unitary systems of government with devolved powers in this manner are still considered unitary rather than federal systems (compare federalism).
Governments have historically tended to concentrate power in one location. However, at the end of the 20th century, groups in both federal and unitary systems became increasingly interested in devolving power to local or regional governments in order to weaken central governments.
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Mudstone and shale are not split into two rock types by some geologists. Geologists that do classify them differently do so because mudstone has more ______ than the typical shale.
Mudstone and shale are often seen as two very similar rock types and some geologists do not classify them separately. However, geologists that do classify them differently generally base their decision on the amount of clay present in each rock type.
Mudstone typically has a higher amount of clay than shale and is considered to be a more clay-rich sedimentary rock. This is because mudstone is made from very fine-grained sediment which has been compacted and hardened into a solid. In contrast, shale is made from silt and fine sand-size particles which are generally less clay-rich than mudstone.
As a result, when looking at the two rocks in thin section, mudstone is much more clay-rich and has a higher clay content than shale. This difference in clay content is what allows geologists to differentiate between mudstone and shale.
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What is the original rock that forms metamorphic rock called?
The original rock that forms metamorphic rock is called a parent rock or protolith.
What is parent rock?This can be any type of rock, such as sedimentary, igneous, or even another metamorphic rock.
The mineral composition, texture, and structure of the parent rock determine the characteristics of the resulting metamorphic rock. Through the process of metamorphism, the parent rock is transformed into a new rock with different physical and chemical properties.
Examples of common parent rocks include shale, granite, and limestone.
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large metallic objects that are clustered in bands called _____
Answer:
Large metallic objects that are clustered in bands are called "asteroid belts".
Repurposing old quarries or damming fields with piles of soil are inexpensive ways of creating_________ that reduce flooding from surface runoff but do not alter stream flow.
Answer:
c
Explanation:
Which of the following factors describe the metamorphic conditions at a mid-ocean ridge? -low temperature -low pressure -hot, watery fluids.
The factors that describe the metamorphic conditions at a mid-ocean ridge are hot, watery fluids.
What are mid-ocean ridges?Mid-ocean ridges are linear underwater mountain chains that run along tectonic plate boundaries. They are found where two tectonic plates diverge or move away from each other.
Mid-ocean ridges account for about 20% of the Earth's surface area. They also have a major role in oceanic crust formation.
Metamorphic conditions at a mid-ocean Ridge
The following are the factors that describe the metamorphic conditions at a mid-ocean ridge:
Hot, watery fluids - Hot water with minerals like sodium and calcium is released through hydrothermal vents on mid-ocean ridges. This process is called hydrothermal metamorphism. These fluids react with the minerals in the surrounding rock, resulting in the formation of new minerals and rock textures.
Low pressure - Hydrothermal vents on mid-ocean ridges are under very low pressure due to the high pressure of the surrounding ocean water. The low pressure allows minerals and hot water to circulate freely, resulting in the formation of new minerals and rock textures.
Low temperature - Hydrothermal fluids in mid-ocean ridges have a lower temperature than those in continental settings. However, they are still hot enough to cause metamorphism in the surrounding rock.
Your question is incomplete but most probably your full question was:
Which of the following factors describe the metamorphic conditions at a mid-ocean ridge? Select all that apply.
-low temperature
-low pressure
-hot
- watery fluids.
- dry land
- weather
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rock that has formed from lithification of any type of sediment, including clastic or chemical sediments, or organic remainsa.weathering b. metamorphicc. lavad. igneouse.magma f.erosion g.sedimentary h. protolith
Rock that has formed from lithification of any type of sediment, including clastic or chemical sediments, or organic remains is known as sedimentary rock. Therefore the correct option is option G.
Sedimentary rocks are classified into three groups. These are: clastic, chemical, and organic sedimentary rocks. Clastic sedimentary rocks
Clastic sedimentary rocks are made up of pre-existing rock fragments that have been eroded, transported, and deposited by wind, water, or ice. Examples of clastic rocks are shale, sandstone, and conglomerate.
Chemical sedimentary rocks Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed when dissolved minerals are precipitated out of water. Examples of chemical rocks are limestone and gypsum.
Organic sedimentary rocks Organic sedimentary rocks are made up of the remains of once-living plants and animals. Examples of organic rocks are coal and chalk.
Sedimentary rocks are typically formed in layers, known as strata, and often contain fossils of ancient plants and animals.
Therefore the correct option is option G.
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Which man-made feature has allowed for the shipment of goods and resources more effectively from the Middle East to Europe?
Panama Canal
Mediterranean Sea
Suez Canal
Nile River
Suez Canal is the man-made feature has allowed for the shipment of goods and resources more effectively from the Middle East to Europe therefore the correct option is c.
The Suez Canal is an artificial ocean- position raceway connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. It's one of the world’s most strategically important aqueducts, furnishing a pivotal trade route between Europe, Asia, and Africa. Construction of the conduit began in 1859 under the supervision of French mastermind
Ferdinand de Lesseps. It took 10 times to complete, with the sanctioned opening taking place in November 1869.
Hence the correct option is c.
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what land extends from central mexico to costa rica?
The land that extends from central Mexico to Costa Rica is called the Mesoamerican region.
The Mesoamerican region is a cultural and geographical area in the Americas, extending from central Mexico to Costa Rica. This region is known for its rich and diverse cultural history, including the rise and fall of ancient civilizations such as the Maya, Aztec, and Olmec.
According to archeological evidence, the Mesoamerican region is considered to be one of the six cradles of civilization in the world. This region has many natural resources, such as fertile land, forests, and minerals, which made it an attractive area for early civilizations to settle and flourish.
In summary, the land that extends from central Mexico to Costa Rica is called the Mesoamerican region. This region is known for its cultural and geographical significance and was home to ancient civilizations such as the Maya, Aztec, and Olmec.
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identify the conditions that are likely to help preserve animal remains, making it more likely for them to become fossils.
Answer:
The following conditions are likely to help preserve animal remains, making it more likely for them to become fossils:
Rapid burial: When an animal dies, it is important that its body is quickly buried by sediment or other materials, which can protect it from scavengers, decay, and weathering.
Low oxygen environments: In low oxygen environments, such as swamps, bogs, or deep ocean sediments, decomposition slows down, which can help preserve the animal's remains.
Hard parts: Animals with hard parts, such as bones, teeth, or shells, are more likely to be preserved as fossils than those with soft tissue because hard parts are more resistant to decay and can survive burial and fossilization processes.
Lack of disturbance: If an animal's remains are not disturbed or moved after burial, they are more likely to remain intact and undergo fossilization.
Mineral-rich water: When mineral-rich water percolates through buried remains, it can replace the organic material with minerals, preserving the structure of the original organism and creating a fossil.
It is important to note that the likelihood of an animal becoming a fossil depends on a combination of factors, and even under ideal conditions, fossilization is still a rare event.
Explanation:
2 to power 5 times 2
Answer:
64
Explanation:
(2^5) * 2 =
64
5. [5 pts] You're studying genotypes at a gene that you've discovered contributes to Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The gene has two alleles: W and v. WW homozygotes produce, on average,
2.2kids
. Wv heterozygotes also produce, on average,
2.2
kids. However, w homozygotes are more likely to have the disease, and therefore, produce, on average,
1.7
kids. What is the relative fitness of the vV genotype? show your work
The relative fitness of the vV genotype can be calculated by comparing it to the relative fitness of the WW genotype. Since WW homozygotes produce, on average, 2.2 kids, and wv heterozygotes also produce, on average, 2.2 kids, then the relative fitness of the WW genotype is 1.0.
Since w homozygotes produce, on average, 1.7 kids, then the relative fitness of the vV genotype is (1.7/2.2) = 0.77. This means that the vV genotype has a lower relative fitness than the WW genotype.
This difference in relative fitness between the WW and vV genotypes is due to the fact that w homozygotes are more likely to have the disease, which reduces their reproductive success.
This is an example of natural selection in action, as individuals with the WW genotype have a higher relative fitness than individuals with the vV genotype, and so the WW genotype is more likely to be passed on to future generations.
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buried erosion surfaces that represent large intervals of time are called
Buried erosion surfaces that represent large intervals of time are called unconformities.
Unconformities are geological boundaries between rock layers that indicate a gap in the geological record, often caused by erosion, non-deposition, or deformation. These gaps can represent millions of years of Earth's history, and studying them can help geologists understand past geological events and the relative ages of different rock layers. There are three main types of unconformities: angular unconformities, where younger rock layers are deposited on top of older, tilted and eroded rock layers; disconformities, where there is a gap in deposition between parallel rock layers; and nonconformities, where sedimentary rock layers rest on top of older, eroded igneous or metamorphic rock. Unconformities are important tools in understanding the geological history of the Earth.
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The early atmosphere on Earth was _____.a. mostly carbon dioxide
b. extremely cold
c. full of oxygen
d. hot
The early atmosphere on Earth was mostly carbon dioxide.
So, the correct answer is A.
What is the atmosphere?An atmosphere is the blanket of gas that surrounds a planet or other celestial object. Earth's atmosphere, which is mainly composed of nitrogen and oxygen, contains small amounts of other gases. The atmosphere can be broken down into several different layers. Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere are the five layers of the Earth's atmosphere. The early atmosphere of Earth was mostly carbon dioxide.
The atmosphere of the Earth comprises a variety of gases, including oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and carbon dioxide. These gases are unevenly distributed in the atmosphere due to the Earth's rotation, atmospheric pressure, and other factors. The majority of the Earth's atmosphere is composed of nitrogen (about 78 percent) and oxygen (about 21 percent). Other gases make up the remaining 1% of the atmosphere, with trace amounts of other elements and compounds contributing to the air we breathe.
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The first three eons in the geological time scale are known as the _____ because they preceded the _____ period.
Answer: eons and era
Explanation:
The Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic eons together are called the Precambrian eons, which preceded the Cambrian period.
Explanation:The first three eons in the geological time scale are collectively known as the Precambrian eons, because they preceded the Cambrian period. These eons, which are the Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic, spanned from the formation of Earth about 4.6 billion years ago until the start of the Cambrian period around 541 million years ago. During the Precambrian eons, life forms were simple, mostly microorganisms and simple multicellular organisms.
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What solid figure has two bases, but no lateral faces?
cone
cylinder
rectangular prism
triangular prism
Answer: Cylinder
Explanation:
Think of a cylinder. It has 2 parallel circular bases and a curved surface.
None of those are considered lateral. Therefore, your answer is a cylinder.
which organisms were alive when new york state was last covered by a continental ice sheet?
New York State was last covered by a continental ice sheet about 12,000 years ago. The organisms that were alive when the last continental ice sheet covered New York State were the tundra animals.
These animals could survive in the cold, harsh climate and adapt to the ice sheet's rapid changes. Woolly mammoths, giant ground sloths, musk oxen, and woolly rhinoceroses are among the animals that existed during this period. Many organisms, on the other hand, were unable to survive in the harsh tundra environment and eventually went extinct.
The extinction of large mammals in North America occurred simultaneously with the last major glaciation, which occurred approximately 10,000 years ago. The harsh environmental conditions caused the migration of organisms to warmer regions, resulting in the loss of many species' biodiversity.
New York State was a barren wasteland throughout the time it was covered in ice. The last continental ice sheet in New York State gave rise to a number of unique habitats and creatures, making it an exciting time in the state's history.
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Metamorphism can transform a shale composed of clay (Diagram A) into a metamorphic rock containing many different minerals (Diagram B). The metamorphism of a pure quartz sandstone, however, yields a metamorphic rock containing only quartz. Why? Choose one: A. Quartz in a shale is different than quartz in a sandstone, so it will behave differently under metamorphic conditions. B. The sandstone is made up only of quartz (silicon and oxygen), and there are no other combinations these elements can be arranged into except polymorphs. C. Quartz is a very resistant mineral and does not undergo any metamorphic processes when subjected to intense heat and pressure.
Metamorphism can transform a shale composed of clay (Diagram A) into a metamorphic rock containing many different minerals (Diagram B). The metamorphism of a pure quartz sandstone, however, yields a metamorphic rock containing only quartz because Quartz is a very resistant mineral and does not undergo any metamorphic processes when subjected to intense heat and pressure. The correct option is c.
The process of metamorphism involves changing the protolith, an existing rock, into a new rock with a different mineral composition or texture. The rock remains essentially solid throughout the metamorphism process, which happens at temperatures above 150 °C (300 °F), as well as frequently at high pressures or in the presence of chemically active fluids. Weathering and diagenesis, which are changes that occur at or near the Earth's surface, are not the same as metamorphism.
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People on Simeulue Island knew to run to high ground when a very large ______ occurred in 2004 because they remembered their ancestors stories of large waves following ground shaking.
Answer: tsunami
Explanation:
Overall, this type of seismic wave is the most destructive.A)P waveB)S waveC)(surface waveD)tsunami
Answer:
Surface wave
Explanation:
which force is responsible for the movement of tectonic plates?
Answer:
Convection in the mantle.
Explanation:
The driving force behind plate tectonics is convection in the mantle. Hot material near the Earth's core rises, and colder mantle rock sinks. Heat and gravity are fundamental to the process.
sort each statement below into the appropriate bin based on whether it is something that scientists knew about pluto or its moon charon before the new horizons flyby, is something learned as a result of the new horizons flyby, or is something that seems possible from the new horizons mission but for which we'll need additional data to establish it with certainty.
Pluto and Charon are tidally locked: This is something that scientists knew about Pluto and its moon Charon before the New Horizons flyby. Tidal locking occurs when an object's orbital period is the same as its rotational period, meaning that the same side of the object is always facing the other.
In this case, the same sides of Pluto and Charon are always facing each other as they orbit one another. The likelihood of this happening was predicted before the mission based on the distance between Pluto and Charon and the gravitational forces between them, and the New Horizons flyby confirmed this to be the case.
Charon has a tenuous atmosphere: This is something that was learned as a result of the New Horizons flyby. Before the mission, scientists suspected that Charon may have an atmosphere, but data from New Horizons showed that the atmosphere is much more substantial than expected.
The flyby revealed that the atmosphere is composed mostly of nitrogen and methane, and is about 100,000 times thinner than Earth's atmosphere. Additional data is needed to establish the atmosphere's exact composition and other details.
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what volcanic eruption was the loudest in modern history?
Answer:
Explanation:
The loudest volcanic eruption in modern history was the 1883 eruption of the Krakatoa volcano, which is located between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. The explosion was so powerful that it was heard over 3,000 miles away, and it produced a sound that is estimated to have reached 172 decibels at a distance of 100 miles from the source. The eruption caused widespread damage and loss of life, with tsunamis and other effects felt across the region.
When does flooding occur?
a. When the amount of water exceeds the capacity of the land
b. When the amount of water exceeds the capacity of the rainfall
c. When the amount of water exceeds the capacity of the river's channel. The excess water overflows the river's banks and spills out across the flood plain. D. Prolonged rainfall leading to the satiation of the ground
Flooding occurs when the amount of water exceeds the capacity of the land or the rainfall. The correct option is B.
This can happen due to several reasons, such as heavy rainfall, melting snow, or a high tide. When the capacity of the river’s channel is exceeded, the excess water overflows the river’s banks and spills out across the flood plain. Prolonged rainfall can also lead to flooding, as the water will saturate the ground and begin to pool in low-lying areas.
In addition, flash floods can occur when a heavy rainstorm or thunderstorm happens in a very short period of time, making it difficult for the ground to absorb the water. In any case, when flooding occurs, it can result in significant damage to property, infrastructure, and the environment, making it important to take precautions to prevent flooding where possible. The correct option is B.
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the solid, outer layer of the earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle is called
Answer:
Lithosphere
Explanation:
The lithosphere is the solid, outer part of Earth. The lithosphere includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust, the outermost layers of Earth’s structure.