PBS Evolution: Great Transformations

1. If the world’s history were compressed into one hour, how long have humans been here?

Microbes. Single-celled organisms


2. How long ago did mammals first appear on earth?

Mammals first appeared about 200 million years ago

3. What type of animal did the skull that Dr. Gingrich discovered resemble?

Dr. Gingrich discovered resembled a whale

4. What did "Whale Valley" used to be?

Whale valley is a


5. What unusual feature did they find at the end of the early tetrapods’ limbs?


6. How long ago did animals first appear on Earth?


7. When the mouse "eyeless" gene was implanted into the fruit flies, what happened?


8. How would walking on two legs be an advantage?


9. What modifications does the human skeleton have?

Humans has the same transformation as other animals even though humans are special.


10. Summary/reflection:

Sewage that ends up in waterway can increase algae growth because it B. Provides nutrients.

Algae growth in waterbodies is aided by the nutrients phosphorus and nitrogen, which are necessary for algae production.

Eutrophication is the process that leads to harmful algal blooms, dead zones, and fish kills. Eutrophication begins with an increase in the amount of nutrients that reach estuaries and coastal waters. An overabundance of algae and plants initiates a chain reaction in the ecosystem as a result of eutrophication. The excessive plant and algae matter eventually breaks down, releasing a lot of carbon dioxide.

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The whole earth's atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and cryosphere are all included in the geosphere. The area above the Earth's surface is known as the atmosphere.

This includes the air we breathe. The lithosphere, which consists of rocks and mountains, is the solid core of the Earth.

The lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere are the four interconnected "spheres" that make up the Earth's crust. Changes in one of the spheres generally generate changes in one or more of the others since the spheres are so intertwined.

An example of an open system is the ocean. The hydrosphere includes the ocean, and the surface of the ocean serves as the contact between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere above it.

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Answer: the cell

Explanation:

Answer:

288

Explanation:

Answer:288

Explanation:

Chromosome crossover is the mechanism by which homologous chromosomes couple up and exchange genetic material during prophase I.

Leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis make up prophase I's five stages. Several significant activities, including as the pairing of homologous chromosomes and the reciprocal exchange of genetic material between these homologous chromosomes, take place during these stages in addition to those that take place in mitotic prophase. Prophase I progresses at varying rates according on sex and species.

Until ovulation, several species halt meiosis in the diplotene of prophase I. In humans, oocytes can be stopped in prophase I for decades before swiftly completing meiosis I just before ovulation.

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Getting unevenly aged stands through a selection process. Compared to even cutting, this uneven growth and trimming would boost biodiversity.

Tree stands that are uniform in age are all the same age. These trees are all of the same type and are planted at the same time. Therefore, setting up a biosphere reserve is the most efficient strategy to preserve a region's plant diversity. Ex-situ methods of conservation, such as seed banks, botanical gardens, and tissue culture, involve removing organisms from their natural habitat. By sucking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and storing it, forests aid in reducing the rate of climate change. Since the excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the main cause of climate change, this is a direct consequence.

The complete question is - Which management practices attempts to minimize ecological impact by allowing some trees in a forest to grow to maturity?

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Answer:

True

explaination non

When playing trick-or-treating and then realizing that the bag of Halloween candy is heavier, it depends on your perceptual set.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

Subliminаl stimulаtion is sensory stimulаtion below а person's аbsolute threshold for conscious perception. Perceptuаl set is the tendency for perceptions to be influenced by one’s expectаtions or preconceptions. Perceptuаl constаncy is the tendency to perceive the size, shаpe, color, аnd brightness of аn object аs remаining the sаme even when the imаge it cаsts on the retinа chаnges. The difference threshold is the smаllest difference in stimulаtion needed to recognize thаt two stimuli аre different from eаch other 50% of the time.

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Answer:

help with what ? theres nothing there

A researcher discovers a mysterious unknown multicellular eukaryotic organism. She would be confident that it is an animal if she observed that it has specialized organs, such as eyes, ears, or a heart, or if it moved in response to its environment.

Animals are a distinct group of multicellular eukaryotes, and they are characterized by the presence of specialized organs that aid in the collection of energy and nutrients, as well as providing a means for locomotion. These organs can be as simple as a single cell like the cilium on a paramecium, or as complex as the human brain. Additionally, animals usually respond to their environment in some way, such as locomotion or behavioral responses.

The researcher's observation of specialized organs and movement in response to its environment would be a strong indication that the organism is an animal. By looking at the size, shape, and organization of the cells under a microscope, the researcher could further confirm the identity of the organism. For instance, the presence of cilia or flagella would suggest that the organism is a protozoan, while the presence of an organized nervous system could indicate that it is a more complex organism, such as an arthropod or a vertebrate.

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Based on the fact that certain enzymes and chemical processes are found in the cells of all or nearly all life on Earth.

The changes that occur at the molecular level in organisms throughout time are referred to as biochemical evolution (molecular evolution). These vary from single nucleotide deletions, additions, or substitutions to the rearrangement of gene sections to the duplication of whole genes or even complete genomes.

Carl Neuber, a German scientist, created the term “biochemistry” in 1903. However, research into this very living part of chemistry had begun much earlier. Claude Bernard has been awarded the Sirehood of Biochemistry. Anatomy, molecular biology, biogeography, fossils, and direct observation are all evidence for evolution.

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As the the illustration show volume of the rock is 5ml. The correct option is A.

The space occupied within an object's borders in three dimensions is referred to as its volume.

It is sometimes referred to as the object's capacity. Volume is the amount of space an object or substance occupies.

Volume, which is measured in cubic units, is the 3-dimensional space occupied by matter or encircled by a surface.

Since the graphic shows that 5 ml of water was displaced by the rock, we can infer that the rock's volume is 5 ml.

Thus, the correct option is A.

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Your question seems incomplete, the complete question is:

Josie partially filled a graduated cylinder with water. She then dropped a rock into the water. The illustration below shows what happened to the level of the water inside the graduated cylinder. What is the volume of the rock?

answer choices

5 mL

10 mL

35 mL

40 mL

The Circulatory system works with the respiratory system to circulate blood and oxygen throughout the body.

The respiratory system is supported by the circulatory system, which carries blood to and from the lungs. The circulatory system is made up of the heart and blood arteries. The circulatory system assists in moving nutrients and oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and organs. Additionally, it aids in the removal of trash and carbon dioxide.

The network of organs and tissues that aids in breathing is known as the respiratory system. It consists of your blood vessels, lungs, and airways. The respiratory system also includes the muscles that propel your lungs. Together, these components help the body circulate oxygen and eliminate waste gases like carbon dioxide.

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Answer:

The low power objective lens is manipulated by turning the focusing knob on the microscope. This moves the lens up and down to focus the specimen. The microscope should be set on the low power objective lens and the image should be brought into focus by turning the focusing knob. Once the image is in focus, the higher power objective lenses can be used to further magnify the specimen.

Nuclei are labeled C in the diagram, as they are the larger structures and typically contain the genetic material (DNA) of the organism, while mitochondria are labeled D and are smaller organelles responsible for producing energy in the cell.

Answer:

What does it say? I can't read it well

Explanation:

'An enzyme responsible for flower color does not fold correctly in cooler temperatures, and the greenhouse is warmest in the center' best explains the differences in flower color of the African violets in the greenhouse

Much like human skin color, violets' color is driven by proteins, especially in the case of violets, by enzymes. Enzymes (generally like proteins) need to function at a specific temperature. Outside this temperature, the enzyme cannot reach its correct form and eventually its function in vivo changes.

Regarding the above question, the plants were in a greenhouse that changed the natural temperature of the environment, so the violets' color change was due to the enzymes involved in flower color shrinking appropriately at low temperatures and the greenhouse being warm in the middle.

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Complete question :

An African violet grower observes that genetically identical African violet plants growing near the walls of the greenhouse have white flowers, that plants growing farther away from the walls have pale blue flowers, and that plants growing nearest the center of the greenhouse have dark blue flowers.

Which of the following best explains the differences in flower color of the African violets in the greenhouse?

A Warmer temperatures result in genotypic alterations, which result in flower color differences.

B The plants along the walls of the greenhouse are homozygous recessive and therefore have white flowers.

C An enzyme responsible for flower color does not fold correctly in cooler temperatures, and the greenhouse is warmest in the center.

D More light is available along the walls of the greenhouse, so the flowers need less pigment to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.

The phosphagen energy system will contribute the most to ATP production during a short, intense burst of activity lasting less than 30 seconds. This energy system utilizes ATP and phosphocreatine to provide energy for activities that require an immediate burst of energy.

The phosphagen energy system is a vital component of energy production during short, intense bursts of activity lasting less than 30 seconds. This energy system is responsible for providing energy for activities that require an immediate burst of energy. The main source of energy used in this system is the ATP and phosphocreatine stored in the muscle cells.

When the body is put under an intense physical demand, the phosphagen energy system is activated. This system works quickly and efficiently to produce ATP, the energy currency of the body. ATP is produced through a process called phosphorylation, where a phosphate molecule is added to ADP. The body uses ATP for a variety of biochemical processes, including muscle contraction.

The phosphagen energy system is the most efficient at providing energy for short-term, intense physical activity. It is able to quickly and efficiently produce enough ATP to meet the body’s energy demands. The phosphagen system is also able to replenish ATP stores in the muscle cells more quickly than other energy systems. This makes it ideal for activities such as sprinting and weightlifting, which require an immediate burst of energy.

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The statements that characterize meiosis I are:

B) The chromosome number remains the same from n to n.

C) Homologous chromosomes line up at the cell equator.

E) The chromosome number is reduced from 2n to n.

F) Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.

H) Crossing over can occur during synapsis.

Meiosis I is the first of two cell division events that occur during meiosis, a type of cell division that produces gametes (sex cells). Meiosis I is characterized by several key events, such as:

Homologous chromosomes line up at the cell equator: During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes (pairs of chromosomes that are similar in shape and size and carry genes for the same traits) line up and pair with one another at the cell equator. This process, called synapsis, allows for the exchange of genetic material between the chromosomes through a process called crossing over.

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See full question below

Which of the following statements characterize meiosis I? Select all that apply.

Multiple select question.

A)Four nuclei start to form around the chromosomes.

B)The chromosome number remains the same from n to n.

C)Homologous chromosomes line up at the cell equator.

D)Sister chromatids are pulled apart at the centromeres.

E)The chromosome number is reduced from 2n to n.

F)Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.

G)Sister chromatids line up at the cell equator.

H)Crossing over can occur during synapsis.

Any material of small granulometry, or up to five millimeters in size, is called sand. From that measure they are called stone. Stones are the result of the breakdown of rocks, just like sand, and in the crushing process it forms crushed stone.

The formation of sand begins with the action of wind, rain, sun, tree roots and microorganisms that wear down the rocks present in various regions of the continent. Over the years, pieces of the stones break loose and, little by little, turn into small grains. This process is called erosion.

Sand is a detrital, mobile, permeable sedimentary rock that, according to the size of its grains, can be classified into coarse, medium and fine sand.

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Statement 1 is the correct one because every individual receives one copy of the gene from their mother and one from their father.

The process by which a gene's information is used to create a functioning gene product, such as proteins or non-coding RNA, is known as gene expression. Transcription is the process through which the information in the gene is initially transformed into RNA.

And, then the information in the RNA will be translated into protein. This results in the synthesis of functional or non-functional proteins. For goat's horn, the protein keratin is required to buildup a tough structure.

Therefore, in the given situation, the gene combination regulates the shape of the horn of a young goat. Therefore, the correct statement is 1.

The complete question is -

A young goat has downward-curved horns. Its father has upward-curved horns while its mother has downward-curved horns. Which of these statements explains why the young goat has downward-curved horns?

1. The young goat inherited one copy of the gene for horn shape from its mother and one copy from its father. That gene combination instructs for proteins that connect in ways that make downward-curved horns.

2. The young goat inherited one copy of the gene for horn shape from its mother and one copy from its father. Those genes connect together to make its downward-curved horns.

3. The young goat inherited its copies of the gene for horn shape from its mother and not from its father. Just like its mother's genes, those genes instruct for proteins that connect in ways that make its downward-curved horns.

4. The young goat inherited its copies of the gene for horn shape from its mother and not from its father. Those genes connect together to make its downward-curved horns.

Which one is the answer?

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DNA replication occurs in a 5' to 3' direction because the enzymes used for replication, known as DNA polymerases, can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing strand of DNA.

This is because the 3' end has an exposed hydroxyl (-OH) group which can be used to add to the growing strand of nucleotides. As such, the polymerase moves down the template strand from 3' to 5', adding new nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction.

This ensures that the newly synthesised strand is complementary to the template strand, as newly added nucleotides are added in the same direction as the original strand.

Additionally, this directional synthesis also means that both strands of the DNA double helix can be synthesised simultaneously, with each strand serving as the template for the other. This ensures that the complete DNA molecule is correctly replicated in the same manner as the original strand.

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It draws attention to the taxon, or most recent common ancestor, of all tetrapods. The tips and nodes of the tree, respectively, represent groups of descendant taxa and common ancestors of descendants.

The evolutionary connections of biological species are described by the phylogenetic tree, often called phylogeny. The branching pattern of the phylogenetic tree illustrates how a series of shared ancestors gave rise to diverse species or groupings.

The phylogenetic tree helps us understand a person's complete life history or life.

Follow each taxon's lineage back in time (toward the base of the tree) until all the lineages meet to identify the most recent common ancestor of a group of taxa. Their most recent shared ancestor is represented by that node.

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Two biological processes responsible for producing varying amounts of carbon dioxide and oxygen within aquatic ecosystems are 1) respiration by aquatic plants and animals and 2) photosynthesis by aquatic plants.

What is an aquatic ecosystem?

An aquatic ecosystem is any freshwater or saltwater environment and the characteristic flora, fauna (plants) and animals (animals) that inhabit that habitat. Freshwater ecosystems include rivers, lakes, and ponds. Saltwater ecosystems include seas and oceans. Aquatic ecosystems have historically been important to humans and other organisms. Aquatic ecosystems not only provide a food source for a wide variety of organisms, but are also essential for cycling important gases and nutrients such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen and phosphorus.

Aquatic ecosystems are known to have high levels of biodiversity.

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Plastic packaging has non-renewable resources, whereas paper packaging is renewable. The difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources is that renewables use resources that are not depleted or regenerated in nature.

Non-renewable sources are those that have a limited reserve on our planet and that do not regenerate - or that take thousands of years to do so. Oil is perhaps the best known example, are ores and natural gas.

The difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources is that renewables use resources that are not depleted or regenerated in nature. Non-renewable energy sources, on the other hand, use resources that are depleted in nature and, therefore, can generate several problems for the environment.

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Answer:

Lipofuscin

Explanation:

Gonna take a guess and say these are Lipofuscin cuz these guys are also known as "age pigments" cuz they accumulate in large quantity as cells age.

Hope its right.

Yes, Gause’s Principle is accurate mainly due to his description of how two species with the same niche cannot coexist in the same habitat.

Gause, which claims that it is impossible for two species to live when they are vying for the same resources. Gause's law is another name for this rule. A population will push out another population. If any of the members of the extinct population are still alive, it is because they have adapted to the new niche.

According to Gause's theory of competitive exclusion, two species that are vying for the same scarce resource cannot live in the same niche for an extended period of time.

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Many viruses specifically methylate genes associated with the immune response, thus dampening that response and enhancing viral infectivity.

A gene is the most fundamental physical and functional element of heredity. DNA is the building block of genes. Some genes serve as blueprints for the creation of proteins. Many genes, however, do not code for proteins. Genes in humans range in size from a few hundred DNA bases to over 2 million bases.

Gene functions include:

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Full Question: What specific host gene functions would you consider as strong candidates for such methylation by infecting viruses?

Many viruses specifically methylate genes associated with the immune response, thus dampening that response and enhancing viral infectivity.

Many viruses specifically methylate protective genes, thus enhancing viral infectivity.

Many viruses specifically methylate genes associated with the cell cycle, thus activating DNA amplification and enhancing viral infectivity.

Many viruses specifically methylate genes associated with apoptosis, thus dampening that response and enhancing viral infectivity.

a. Pericardiumb. Pulmonary circuitc. Systemic circuitd. Atriae. Septum