Scottish physician and chemist William Cullen introduced bonding brackets and ____ to enable chemists to pictorially represent affinity reactions, and develop chemical reaction equations.

The normal net movements of CO2, O2, and H2O into the alveoli from blood capillaries can be used to explain the partial pressure differences between inspired air and alveolar gas for O2, CO2, H2O, and N2.

A shift in equilibrium's position results in a decrease in partial pressure when the partial pressure of any of the gaseous reactants or products is raised. This is typically accomplished by favoring the reaction in which the amount of gaseous components per mole decreases.

Numerous gases, including O2 and CO2, are found in air. During inspiration, the air becomes more humid as air is inhaled. H2O is injected into the respiratory tract as the air passes through it.

Alveoli are approached by the oxygenated air that has been inspired. It shifts from a greater partial pressure of oxygen to a lower partial pressure of oxygen. The blood in the capillaries is where it travels once it reaches the alveoli. The gas flows toward the alveoli, where it is evacuated by expiration, after being expelled from the blood that has a high CO2 content.

Net movements of CO2 towards alveoli, O2 towards alveoli, and H2O is supplied throughout the respiratory tract.

Therefore, the correct answer is option C) net movements of CO2 , O2 and H2O into the alveoli from blood capillaries.

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An organic liquid is a mixture of methyl alcohol (CH3OH) and ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH). A 0.220-g sample of the liquid is burned in an excess of O2(g) and yields 0.338 g CO2(g) (carbon dioxide). The mass percentage of ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH, in the solution is 0.0641 g.

The term mass percent of a solution is defined as the ratio of the mass of solute that is present in a solution, relative to the mass of the solution.

Molar mass of CH₃OH is 32.04 g/mol

Molar mass of C₂H₅OH is 46.07 g/mol

Molar mass of CO₂ is 44.01 g/mol

M(CH₃OH)+ M(C₂H₅OH) = 0.220

Mass of CO₂ produced from M grams of CH₃OH

= 1.374 M

Mass of carbon dioxide is   1.374 M + 1.911 E

= 0.386

Thus, the calculation are

1.374 M + 1.911 (0.220 - M) = 0.386

1.374 M + 0.4204 - 1.911 M = 0.386

- 0.537 M = - 0.0344

M = 0.0344 / 0.537

= 0.0641 g

Thus, the mass percentage of ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH, in the solution is 0.0641 g.

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The freezing point of the solution can be obtained from ΔT = K x molality

The question is incomplete but I can see that you want to learn how to calculate the freezing point of a solution and I would help you out with that.

The freezing point of a solution can be calculated using the freezing point depression equation. This equation takes into account the fact that the freezing point of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent due to the presence of solute molecules.

The equation is as follows:

ΔT = K x molality

where:

ΔT is the change in freezing point (in degrees Celsius)

K is the freezing point depression constant for the solvent (in units of degrees Celsius per mol per kilogram)

molality is the concentration of the solute in the solution, expressed as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

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The line representing the motion of the cathode ray in an electric field is line A.

option C.

Cathode rays are streams of electrons that are emitted from the negatively charged electrode, or cathode, in a vacuum tube. They were first discovered by British physicist J.J. Thomson in the late 19th century.

Cathode rays are produced when a voltage is applied across two electrodes in a vacuum tube, and the cathode is heated. The electrons are then accelerated towards the anode, or positively charged electrode, and collide with gas molecules in the tube. These collisions produce a visible stream of electrons that can be seen using fluorescent materials.

Cathode rays have played an important role in the development of electronics, particularly in the early years of television and computer displays. The first television sets used cathode ray tubes (CRTs) to display images, and cathode ray oscilloscopes are still used today in electronics and engineering applications.

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Consider this concept now with regard to a chemical process, the reaction of hydrogen with chlorine to yield hydrogen chloride: H2(s) + Cl2(g) ⟶ 2HCl(g).

Most chlorine is manufactured electrolytically by the diaphragm, membrane, or mercury cell process. In each process, a salt solution (sodium or potassium chloride) is electrolyzed by the action of direct electric current which converts chloride ions to elemental chlorine.

Chlorine can be found in abundance in both the Earth's crust and in ocean water. In the ocean, chlorine is found as part of the compound sodium chloride (NaCl), also known as table salt. In the Earth's crust, the most common minerals containing chlorine include halite (NaCl), carnallite, and sylvite (KCl).

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The electron configuration for the ion formed by the element magnesium, Mg is 1s²2s²2p⁶ by assuming that the octet rule is obeyed. Therefore, option A is correct.

The octet rule refers to atoms' preference for having eight electrons in their valence shell. Atoms with fewer than eight electrons are more likely to react and form more stable compounds.

The Mg atom will achieve an octet by losing its two outermost electrons and thus gaining 2+ charges, according to the octet rule. Because Mg belongs to the alkali metal group, it will lose electrons rather than gain them.

We know that when an atom completes its octet., electrons in its valence shell, it becomes stable. Now, electrons must be given out in magnesium ion valence to complete its octet.

Thus, The electron configuration for the ion formed by the element magnesium, Mg is 1s²2s²2p⁶. Option A is correct.

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Your question is incomplete, most probably your question was

assuming that the octet rule is obeyed, write out the electron configuration for the ion formed by the element magnesium, Mg

A. 1s²2s²2p⁶

B.  1s²2s²2p²

C.  1s²2s²2p₅

D.  1s²2s²2p¹

Only a very small percentage of the heat input to the heart is converted to flow work. The majority of the energy is lost as heat transferred to the tissues surrounding the heart.

How to calculate the heat input?

(a) For this system, we can simplify Equation 7.4-12 as follows:

ΔH = Δ(P/ρ) + Δ(V^2/2) + gΔ(z) + Q

where:

ΔH is the change in enthalpy

Δ(P/ρ) is the change in pressure energy

Δ(V^2/2) is the change in kinetic energy

gΔ(z) is the change in potential energy

Q is the heat added to the system

Since there is no change in internal energy from inlet to outlet, we can assume that the change in enthalpy (ΔH) is equal to the work done by the heart (W):

W = Δ(P/ρ) + Δ(V^2/2) + gΔ(z) + Q

(b) We can find the percentage of the heat input to the heart (Q˙in) that is converted to flow work (the efficiency of the heart as a pump) by calculating the ratio of flow work to heat input:

Efficiency = (flow work / heat input) x 100%

To calculate the flow work, we can use the equation:

W_flow = Δ(P/ρ) x Q

where Δ(P/ρ) is the pressure difference across the heart and Q is the volumetric flow rate of blood.

Δ(P/ρ) = (100 - 0) mm Hg / (13.6 x 1000) kg/m^3 = 7.35 x 10^-6 Pa

Q = 5 x 10^-3 m^3/min = 8.33 x 10^-5 m^3/s

W_flow = (7.35 x 10^-6 Pa) x (8.33 x 10^-5 m^3/s) = 6.13 x 10^-10 J/s

To calculate the heat input, we can use the equation:

Q_in = (5 mL/min) x (20.2 J/mL) = 101 J/min = 1.68 J/s

Therefore, the efficiency of the heart as a pump is:

Efficiency = (W_flow / Q_in) x 100%

Efficiency = (6.13 x 10^-10 J/s / 1.68 J/s) x 100% = 0.0365%

Only a very small percentage of the heat input to the heart is converted to flow work. The majority of the energy is lost as heat transferred to the tissues surrounding the heart.

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Answer:

GIVE IT NOWWWW

Explanation:

given compounds based on their relative Bronsted acidities are: H - F < H - Cl < H - NH2 < H - CH3 < H - SH

What is Bronsted acidities?

Bronsted acidities is a common concept in chemistry which describes the ability of an acid to donate a proton (H+) to a base. This is based on the Bronsted-Lowry Theory which states that an acid is a substance that donates a proton and a base is a substance that accepts a proton. Acids are typically characterized by their acidity constants, which measure the amount of acidity in a solution. Bronsted acidities can range from very weak (like citric acid) to very strong (like hydrochloric acid). Bronsted acidities can be measured in terms of pH, which is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration.

Therefore, given compounds based on their relative Bronsted acidities are: H - F < H - Cl < H - NH2 < H - CH3 < H - SH

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The pressure of a gas increases when the temperature of the gas is increased because of two main reasons:

A. The increase in temperature causes more collisions of the gas particles with the walls, and

C. The average kinetic energy of the gas increases as the temperature increases, causing more energetic collisions with the walls.

As the temperature of a gas increases, the average kinetic energy of the gas particles also increases. This causes the gas particles to move faster and collide with the walls of the container more frequently and with greater force. These more frequent and energetic collisions result in an increase in the pressure of the gas.

It is important to note that option B is not correct because the size of the gas particles does not increase as the temperature increases. Option D is also not correct because the volume of the gas does not decrease as the temperature increases unless the gas is in a closed container and the pressure is kept constant.

In conclusion, the pressure of a gas increases when the temperature of the gas is increased due to an increase in the frequency and energy of the gas particle collisions with the walls of the container.

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CH3OH and NH3 would exhibit hydrogen bonding between the solute and solvent.

Hydrogen bonding occurs when hydrogen atoms in a molecule are attracted to electronegative atoms in another molecule. In water the electronegative oxygen atoms are capable of forming hydrogen bonds with molecules that contain hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative atoms such as nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine.

CH3OH  (methanol) and  NH3 (ammonia) both contain hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative atoms: allowing them to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. H2,  CO2 and  NaCl do not contain hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative atoms and therefore cannot form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

This question should be provided as:

Which of the following compounds dissolved in water would exhibit hydrogen bonding between the solute and solvent?

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The percent composition of ammonia, sodium thiosulfate,calcium are 82.35%,29.09%,38.68% respectively.

The Percent composition is defined as a convenient way to record concentration of solution.It is a expression which relates element to compound as,mass of element/mass of compound ×100.It is useful in elemental analysis of a compound.

percent composition of ammonia- 14/17×100=82.35%

percent composition of sodium thiosulfate -46/158.11×100=29.09%

percent composition of calcium in calcium phosphate- 120/310.18×100=38.68%.

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Nitrogen is indeed a nonmetal as well as the lightest member of Periodic Table. 0.016mol of N[tex]_2[/tex] will be produced.

Nitrogen has the chemical symbol N and the atomic number 7. Nitrogen is indeed a nonmetal as well as the lightest member of Periodic Table Group 15, often known as the pnictogens. This is a common element inside the cosmos, with an estimated total abundance of sixth in the Milky Way.

NaNO[tex]_2[/tex](aq) + H[tex]_2[/tex]NSO[tex]_3[/tex]H(s) → NaHSO[tex]_4[/tex](aq) + N[tex]_2[/tex](g) + H[tex]_2[/tex]O(l)

moles of H[tex]_2[/tex]NSO[tex]_3[/tex]H = 1.627 /97.09=0.016mol

the mole ratio between H[tex]_2[/tex]NSO[tex]_3[/tex]H and N[tex]_2[/tex] is 1:1

moles of N[tex]_2[/tex] =0.016mol

Therefore, 0.016mol of N[tex]_2[/tex] will be produced.

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In the given system, the concentrations of H2, N2, and NH3 would change over time as the system approaches equilibrium, with the rates of the forward and reverse reactions becoming equal at equilibrium. The specific concentrations of H2,

In a chemical reaction, reactants are transformed into products, and the reaction can proceed in both the forward and reverse directions. At some point, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions become equal, and the system reaches a state of dynamic equilibrium.

At equilibrium, the concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant over time.The specific concentrations of the reactants and products at equilibrium depend on the equilibrium constant (K), which is a measure of the ratio of the concentrations of the products to the concentrations of the reactants at equilibrium.

If the initial concentrations of the reactants are known, the concentrations of the reactants and products at equilibrium can be calculated using the equilibrium constant.

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The mole ratio of one reactant to the other can be determined from the balanced chemical equation of the reaction. Here, the ratio of H₃PO₄ to water is 1 : 3.

The mole ratio of a reactant in a reaction is the ratio of its number of moles needed for the reaction to the number of moles of other reactant. The balanced chemical equation of a reaction represents the prefect stoichiometry of all the reactants and products.

The reaction between phosphoric acid and water can be written as follows:

[tex]\rm H_{3}PO_{4} + 3 H_{2}O \rightarrow PO_{4}^{-} + 3H_{3}O^{+}[/tex]

As per this balanced reaction, one mole of phosphoric acid requires 3 moles of water for complete reaction. The reaction gives one mole of phosphate ion and 3 moles of hydronium ions.

Therefore, the mole ratio of H₃PO₄ to H₂O is 1: 3.

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the capillary action, the tops of plants are supported by little tubes. In a tube with a diameter of 0.005 mm and a height of 70.8 m, a water solution will rise due to the capillary effect.

Given,

tube diameter ,D= 0.005 mm

contact angle, Ф=20°

density of water ,ρ=998.21 kg/m³

the surface tension of water at 20° C,σ[tex]_{s}[/tex]=0.073 N/m

radius of capillary tube ,R=D/2

R=0.005/2

 = 0.0025 mm

R=2×10⁻⁶ m

capillary raise is given by

h=(2σ[tex]_{s}[/tex]/PgR)cosФ

 =(2(0.073 N/m)/(998.21 kg/m³)(9.81m/s²)(2×10⁻⁶m))cos20°

h=70.8m

∴The capillary rise is h=70.8m

Capillary effect, also known as capillary action or wicking, is the ability of a liquid to flow against gravity in narrow spaces due to the interaction between the liquid and the surface of the container it is in. The height that the liquid can rise is dependent on the diameter of the tube or material it is in, the properties of the liquid, and the properties of the container. Capillary action is important in many natural and technological processes, such as plant water uptake, inkjet printing, and the functioning of some medical devices.

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If a desktop computer uses 180 W of power when plugged into a 120-V socket, 1.5 A of current is flowing into the device.

To calculate the current flowing into a desktop computer plugged into a 120-V outlet, we can use the formula:

Current (I) = Power (P) / Voltage (V)

here:

Current is measured in amperes (A)

Power is measured in watts (W)

Voltage is measured in volts (V)

So, for a desktop computer that uses 180 W and is plugged into a 120-V outlet, the current flowing into the computer would be:

I = P / V

= 180 W / 120 V

= 1.5 A

Therefore, the current flowing into the desktop computer is 1.5 amperes.

Note: It's important to ensure that the electrical outlet and the computer's power supply can handle the amount of current being drawn by the computer to avoid overloading the circuit and causing damage.

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It is desired to produce 9.26 grams of iron(III) chloride by the following reaction. If the percent yield of iron(III) chloride is 80.1 %, 4.16g of iron would need to be reacted.

A body's mass is an inherent quality. Before the discovery of the atom as well as particle physics, it was widely considered to be tied to the amount of matter inside a physical body.

It was discovered that, despite having the same quantity of matter in theory, various atoms and elementary particles had varied masses.

theoretical yield =9.26/80.1 =13.85g

4Fe + 3Cl[tex]_2[/tex] →2 FeCl[tex]_3[/tex]

moles of  FeCl[tex]_3[/tex] =13.85/159.69=0.08 mol

2 mole of  FeCl[tex]_3[/tex] produce from 3 moles of iron

1 mole of Fe[tex]_2[/tex]O[tex]_3[/tex] produce from 3/2 moles of iron

0.08 mole of  FeCl[tex]_3[/tex] produce from (3/2)×0.08 =0.13 moles of iron

mass of iron  =0.13×52=4.16g

Therefore, 4.16g of iron would need to be reacted.

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The pair which are miscible liquids are the correct option is water and the ethanol.

The Miscible liquids are the liquids that are dissolve in the each other and will  form the homogeneous mixture and the  immiscible liquids are the liquids in which the liquids that will not mix well in the each other. The Alcohol and the water are the miscible liquids and the  oil and the water are the immiscible pair of the liquids.

Therefore, the water and the ethanol are the miscible liquids as they both are dissolve in each other of the other and will forms the homogeneous mixture.

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The correct answer is option III - S.

Ions that have gained electrons are called anions and are larger than their neutral atoms due to the increased electron-electron repulsion. Ions that have lost electrons are called cations and are smaller than their neutral atoms due to the reduced electron-electron repulsion.

Out of the three given elements:

Therefore, the correct answer is option III - S.

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Assuming the same density as a neutron, the mass of a small piece of a neutron star the would be approximately 3.35 kg.

The radius of the pebble, r = 0.20 mm = 0.20 × 10^-3.

The volume of the pebble can be calculated using the formula for the volume of a sphere:

[tex]V = \dfrac{4}{3}\pi r^3[/tex]

Substituting the given value of r, we get:

[tex]V = \dfrac{4}{3}\pi (0.20 \times 10^{-3})^3 = 3.35 \times 10^{-11} \text{ m}^3[/tex]

The density of a neutron is approximately, 1.0 × 10^17 kg/m^3.

So, the mass of the pebble can be calculated as:

M = ρV

[tex]= (1.0 \times 10^{17} \text{ kg/m}^3) \times (3.35 \times 10^{-11} \text{ m}^3)[/tex]

M = = 3.35 kg

The mass of a small piece of a neutron star the size of a spherical pebble with a radius of 0.20 mm would be approximately 3.35 kg.

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--The complete question is, Assuming that a neutron star has the same density as a neutron, calculate the mass (in kg ) of a small piece of a neutron star the size of a spherical pebble with a radius of 0.20 mm.--

Answer:

0.556 moles of gas in this volume

there are approximately 3.35 x 10^23 molecules in this volume of gas.

Explanation:

Given:

Volume of gas (V) = 13.4 L

Standard temperature (T) = 273 K

Standard pressure (P) = 1 atm

a. To determine the number of moles of gas in this volume, we can use the ideal gas law equation:

PV = nRT

where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature in Kelvin.

At STP, we know that the pressure is 1 atm and the temperature is 273 K. The gas constant R is 0.08206 L atm/mol K.

Plugging in the values, we get:

(1 atm) (13.4 L) = n (0.08206 L atm/mol K) (273 K)

Solving for n, we get:

n = (1 atm * 13.4 L) / (0.08206 L atm/mol K * 273 K) = 0.556 mol

Therefore, there are 0.556 moles of gas in this volume.

b. To determine the number of molecules in this volume of gas, we can use Avogadro's number, which tells us the number of molecules in one mole of a substance. Avogadro's number is approximately 6.02 x 10^23 molecules/mol.

Multiplying the number of moles by Avogadro's number, we get:

0.556 mol * (6.02 x 10^23 molecules/mol) = 3.35 x 10^23 molecules

Therefore, there are approximately 3.35 x 10^23 molecules in this volume of gas.

Only CuS will precipitate despite the solubility products of ZnS and CuS being 3 × 10⁻²² and 8 × 10³⁶, respectively.

A chemical substance having the formula H 2S is hydrogen sulfide. It is a colorless chalcogen-hydride gas that is toxic, caustic, and combustible. Trace concentrations of it in the ambient air have the distinct odor of rotten eggs.

The Occupational Health and Safety Administration reports that H2S is one of the main factors contributing to workplace gas inhalation fatalities in the United States.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that between 2001 and 2010, hydrogen sulfide gas caused 60 worker fatalities.

Hydrogen sulfide, also known as H2S, sewer gas, swamp gas, stink damp, and sour damp, is a colorless gas that, in small quantities, has a strong rotten-egg odor. It is highly poisonous and highly flammable.

So, in a solution, only CuS will precipitate.

[CuS] = [Cu⁺² [ S⁻²] = 0.01 x 9.2 x 10⁻²² = 9.2 ₓ 10-⁻²⁴ > Ksp

[ZnS] = [Zn⁺² [ S⁻²] = 0.01 x  10⁻²² x  9.2 = 9.2 ₓ 10-⁻²⁴ < Ksp

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The complete question is:

A solution contains 0.01 M Zn²⁺ and 0.01 M Cu²⁺ ions. It is saturated by passing H2 S gas in the solution. The S²⁻ ion concentration is 9.2 * 10^-22 M. The solubility products of ZnS and CuS  are 3 * 10⁻²² and 8 * 10^-36 respectively. Which of the following is true?

According to Avogadro's number, there are 2.07×10²³ particles in 5.5 g of molecular oxygen.

Avogadro's number is defined as a proportionality factor which relates number of constituent particles with the amount of substance which is present in the sample.

It has a SI unit of reciprocal mole whose numeric value is expressed in reciprocal mole which is a dimensionless number and is called as Avogadro's constant.It relates the volume of a substance with it's average volume occupied by one of it's particles .

Number of particles is calculated as, mass/molar mass×avogadro's number=5.5/16×6.023×10²³=2.070×10²³ particles.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The transition that represents the emission of a photon with the largest energy is B) n = 3 to n = 1.

The energy of a photon is determined by the difference in energy levels between the initial and final states. The greater the difference in energy levels, the greater the energy of the photon.

In this case, the transition from n = 3 to n = 1 has the largest difference in energy levels, and therefore represents the emission of a photon with the largest energy.

It is important to note that the energy levels in an atom are not evenly spaced. The energy levels get closer together as n increases, meaning that the difference in energy between n = 6 and n = 3 is smaller than the difference in energy between n = 3 and n = 1.

In conclusion, the transition that represents the emission of a photon with the largest energy is B) n = 3 to n = 1.

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In a voltaic (galvanic) cell, oxidation occurs at the anode and is where cations in the salt bridge moves toward. The correct answer is d) anode, cations.

A voltaic (galvanic) cell is a type of electrochemical cell that converts chemical energy into electrical energy through a spontaneous redox reaction. In this cell, there are two half-cells, each containing an electrode (anode and cathode) and an electrolyte solution.

The anode is the electrode where oxidation occurs, meaning that it is where electrons are lost. The cathode is the electrode where reduction occurs, meaning that it is where electrons are gained.

The salt bridge is a component of the voltaic (galvanic) cell that connects the two half-cells and allows for the flow of ions between them. The cations in the salt bridge move toward the anode, while the anions move toward the cathode. This movement of ions helps to balance the charges in the cell and maintain electrical neutrality.

Therefore, the correct answer is d) anode, cations.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Saturated

Supersaturated

unsaturated

Ea = 7.7289*104 J/mol ≈ 7.73*104 J/mol is the correct answer. Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur. It is measured in units of J/mol or KJ/mol and is visualized as a barrier that the reactant molecules must overcome to form products.

Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. It is the energy needed to break the bonds in the reactant molecules and form new bonds in the product molecules. The activation energy is usually denoted as Ea and is measured in units of joules per mole (J/mol) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).

The activation energy can be visualized as a barrier that the reactant molecules must overcome in order to form products. The higher the activation energy, the more difficult it is for the reaction to occur. For a reaction to take place, the reactant molecules must collide with enough energy to break the bonds and form the new bonds. The activation energy is the minimum energy required for this to happen.

ln (0.4483 s-1/0.2785 s-1) = Ea/R*(1/310 – 1/315) K-1

===> ln (1.6097) = Ea/R*(5.1203*10-5) K-1

===> 0.476 = Ea/R*(5.1203*10-5 K-1)

===> Ea = (0.476)*(8.314 J/mol.K)/(5.1203*10-5 K-1)

===> Ea = 7.7289*104 J/mol ≈ 7.73*104 J/mol (ans).

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