Human ancestors are the study of any species, human included and is aided by the comparison of fossil structures to modern ones of known function. In addition, we infer human activities and abilities from the objects they leave behind.
Although paleontologists, the study of ancient human ancestors is a subfield of evolutionary biology, it is more commonly known as paleoanthropology since, for a large portion of the evolution of humans, cultural evolution followed biological evolution.
Researchers and students can examine the variations in brain and body size, locomotion, food, and other characteristics of the early human species way of life during the last 6 million years thanks to thousands of human ancestors' fossils. The oldest undisputed hominid, anamensis, has fossils that date back as far as 4.2 million years.
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How volcanic rocks form?
When magmas reach the Earth's surface and cool and crystallize in subaerial or subaquatic conditions, the resulting rocks are called extrusive or volcanic. Igneous rocks are made up of minerals from the silicate group.
What are igneous rocks?Igneous or magmatic rocks are those that form when magma cools and solidifies.
If cooling occurs slowly below the surface, rocks with large crystals called plutonic or intrusive rocks are formed, while if cooling occurs rapidly above the surface
In the dna isolation process, ________ is used to break down the protein complexes and allow the dna molecules to easily precipitate.
In the DNA isolation process, "meat tenderizer" is used to break down the protein complexes and allow the DNA molecules to easily precipitate.
What is DNA isolation/extraction?Extraction of DNA is a common practice used to separate DNA from cell nuclei.
The process of DNA isolation involves-
Step 1: Cracking open cells to release DNA
The cells in a specimen are separated from one another, frequently by physical techniques like grinding or vacuum filtration, and then placed in a salt solution.
Step 2: Distinguishing DNA from protein and additional cellular waste
It's important to get rid of as much cellular waste as you can to obtain a pure DNA sample. There are numerous ways to accomplish this. To destroy DNA-associated protein and other cellular proteins, a protease (protein enzyme) is frequently introduced.
Step 3: Use an alcohol to precipitate the DNA
Finally, the DNA sample is carefully infused with ice-cold alcohol (whether ethanol or isopropanol). While salt and alcohol make DNA insoluble, it is soluble in water.
Step 4: DNA cleaning
Now that the DNA sample has been refined further (cleaned). Then it is ready for use after being resuspended in such a slightly alkaline buffer.
Step 5: Verifying the DNA's presence and condition
The concentration of DNA in a sample can be ascertained using spectrophotometer readings of optical density.
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We used the enzyme, taq polymerase, which is derived from the thermus aquaticus bacterium, in our pcr procedure. Why is this enzyme important for efficiency in pcr?.
The use of a thermophilic DNA polymerase such as Taq polymerase prevents the denaturation of the enzyme during the heating that is important to separate the newly synthesized strand. So using this enzyme simplifies the PCR technique and increases its efficiency.
Taq DNA polymerase is highly efficient, when it reaches the optimum temperature, it becomes fully functional. It also has a half-life of over two hours (at 92°C), high amplification capacity, and it can add upto 150 nucleotides per second. It is "special" enzyme because it comes from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus, which lives in hot springs. It is therefore thermostable even at high temperatures, while other polymerases (e.g. E. coli) are not.
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Provide four major drawbacks to using fossil fuels, such as coal and natural gas, in alberta thermal power stations.
The four major drawbacks to using fossil fuels, such as coal and natural gas, in alberta thermal power stations is climate change, not renewable, unsustainable and biological accidents.
What is fossil fuel?
Fossil energy is all that comes from the burning of so-called fossil fuels. These fuels are formed by the remains of plant and animal organisms accumulated in the subsoil of our planet.
climate change; this is because when they are burned they release into the atmosphere the gases responsible for the greenhouse effect.they are not renewable; there are finite resources available and its reserves are not replenished naturally.unsustainable, which means that any burn of fossing fuels contribute to the pollution of the air by CO2.biological accidents over the time, such as pipeline leaks, exploding drilling platforms, and the dumping of millions of gallons of oil into the ocean.See more about energy at: brainly.com/question/1932868
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_______________ a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) assumes a vital part in the modification of proteins and the synthesis of lipids. It comprises an organization of membranous tubules and flattened sacs. The circles and tubules of the ER are empty and hollow, and the space inside is known as the lumen.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum gets its name from the ribosomes connected to its cytoplasmic surface. As these ribosomes make proteins, they feed the recently shaping protein chains into the lumen. Some are moved completely into the ER and float inside, while others are secured in the film.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) is consistent with the rough ER yet has no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface. The functioning of the smooth ER includes the Synthesis of starches, lipids, and steroid chemicals, detoxification of drugs and toxic substances, and storage of calcium particles.
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Which type of joint is present in the client's shoulders?
The spheroidal joint is the type of joint which is present in the shoulder of individuals and is used for various types of movements and activities.
What is a Joint?This refers to an area in the body where two bones meet with the presence of cartilages which helps to insulate and reduce friction between the two bones during movement.
The spheroidal joint on the other hand is a type of ball and socket joint which is responsible for flexion, extension etc. Joints ensures that other parts of the skeleton are attached thereby increasing the rigidity and integrity of the structures present in the body.
It is also usually found in the shoulder and hip region which is why spheroidal joint was chosen as the most appropriate choice in this context.
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All members of Kingdom Protista are ____________ , since their cell(s) possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Protista species can be distinguished from Kingdom Fungi by the lack of ____________ in their cell walls, and from Kingdom Plantae by their ____________ reproductive structures.
All members of Kingdom Protista are eukaryotes, since their cell(s) possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Protista species can be distinguished from Kingdom Fungi by the lack of chitin in their cell walls, and from Kingdom Plantae by their sexual reproductive structures.
What are protists?Protists are simple eukaryotic organisms that are neither plants nor animals or fungi.Protists are unicellular in nature but can also be found as a colony of cells.Most protists live in water, damp terrestrial environments or even as parasites.The primary feature of all protists is that they are eukaryotic organisms. Protists exhibit locomotion through cilia and flagella. A few organisms belonging to the kingdom Protista have pseudopodia that help them to move.Protista reproduces by asexual means. The sexual method of reproduction is extremely rare and occurs only during times of stress.To learn more about protists,
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is the division of the nervous system that innervates the digestive tract, and ___________ is also called autonomic nervous system
Enteric nervous system is the division of the nervous system that innervates the digestive tract, and vegetative nervous system is also called autonomic nervous system.
The peripheral nervous system's autonomic nervous system controls physiological functions that are carried out automatically, such as digestion, blood pressure, respiration, and sexual desire. There are three physically separate divisions in it: enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic.The enteric nervous system (ENS), a partially autonomous component of the nervous system, is made up of a number of neuronal circuits that regulate immunological and endocrine activity as well as motor and local blood flow.The enteric nervous system, which makes up the third division of the autonomic system, is made up of a number of neurons that are integrated into the gastrointestinal tract's and its derivatives' wall. This system regulates the secretion and motility of the digestive tract.learn more about Enteric nervous system here: https://brainly.com/question/11223058
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In the roman soldier model for refraction, the soldiers have to stay in line or else they will be
o a. yelled at
b. shot
c. flogged
d. beheaded
Answer: A is the answer
HELPPP!!!
Which change would be considered a short-term environmental change? Check all that apply.
an ice age
an El Niño storm
a small asteroid impact
a tsunami
mountain building
Tsunami El Nino storm and a small asteoid would cause short term environmental change.
Short term environmental change can be defined as a rapid shift in the environment that has an instantaneous impact on organisms (causing behavioral adaptations).
The terrain is altered by a tsunami. It disrupts wildlife habitats, including bird nesting grounds, by uprooting trees and plants.
El Nino is the tropical Pacific region's strongest weather pattern change. It results in violent storms, famine, fish kills, coral bleaching, and forest dieback.
A significant amount of dust would be released into the atmosphere if the asteroid hit land. There would be a surge in water vapor in the atmosphere if it hit in water. As a result, there would be more rain, which would cause mudslides and landslides.
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To date, which of these has been used largely in creating clones? Metabolic profiling RNA sequencing Protein mapping Recombinant DNA technology
RNA sequencing technology has been used largely in creating clones.
What is RNA sequencing?RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) makes use of high-throughput sequencing techniques to shed light on a cell's transcriptome.
Numerous RNA biology topics, such as single-cell gene expression, translation (the translatome), and RNA structure, can be studied using RNA-seq techniques (the structurome). Exciting new uses, such as spatial transcriptomics, are being investigated (spatialomics).
The steps in a typical RNA-sequencing experiment are as follows:Design experiment: Plan the experiment.Preparation of RNA. Purify and isolate the input RNA.Library preparation. Create cDNA from the RNA and add sequencing adapters.Sequence. cDNAs should be sequenced using a platform.Analysis.Learn more about RNA sequencing here:
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Why is Right handed dominant and Left handed recessive?
Answer:
The right-handed dominant and left-handed are recessive because the left hemisphere also controls the movements of the right hand.
Explanation:
Hand preference probably arises as part of the developmental process that differentiates the right and left sides of the body (called right-left asymmetry). More specifically, handedness appears to be related to differences between the right and left halves (hemispheres ) of the brain.
The major result of the inflammatory response is to ___________________________.
The major result of the inflammatory response is to infection or injury. Tissue level , inflammation is characterized by redness , swelling and itching which result from local immune , vascular and inflammatory cell responses .
Pathogen such as viruses, bacteria or fungi can causes of inflammation. External injuries like scrapes or damage through foreign objects effects of chemicals or radiation.The first and the earliest symptom of inflammation is silent phase which based on reaction of resident cells of the damaged tissue.
There are three main stages of inflammation which can vary from intensity or duration. such as Acute- swelling stage, sub acute- regenerative stage , regenerative stage, chronic- scar tissue maturation and remodeling stage.
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What are viable explanations for the consistent observation of a few black mice on the island?
They undergone genetic mutation that influenced their fur color.
Mutations result either from accidents during the normal chemical transactions of DNA, often during replication, or from exposure to high-energy electromagnetic radiation (e.g., ultraviolet light or X-rays) or particle radiation or to highly reactive chemicals in the environment. Mutation can be of 4 types Germline mutations occur in gametes. Somatic mutations occur in other body cells. Chromosomal alterations are mutations that change chromosome structure. Point mutations change a single nucleotide. Frameshift mutations are additions or deletions of nucleotides that cause a shift in the reading frame. Factor that influenced mutation are the size of the gene, its base composition, its position in the genome, and whether or not it is being actively transcribed influence its mutation rate.
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Fish in a marine environment must maintain a relatively constant ion concentration in their tissues and blood. How do the chloride cells in the gills aid fish in the removal of excess ions?
The chloride cells actively remove ions from the body and water follows by osmosis.
The chloride cells create a countercurrent system where ions are lost from the body and water is absorbed to dilute other ions (NaCl). Marine fishes can excrete salt by clusters of special cells (chloride cells) in the gills.
In euryhaline bony fish, gills usually secrete extra chlorine to maintain a constant plasma chlorine concentration in environments of different salinity. Fishes are exposed to major osmotic challenges in freshwater and marine environments.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane in response to osmotic pressure caused by an imbalance of molecules on either side of the membrane.
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Which can serve as substrates for atp production?
Answer:
A molecule containing readily 'detachable' phosphate group, an inorganic phosphate, and ADP.
Explanation:
For substrate-level phosphorylation, take glycolysis as an example. Phosphoenolpyruvate has a readily 'detachable phosphate', which with the help of Pyruvate Kinase, is able to be 'attached' to ADP. Both Phosphoenolpyruvate and ADP act as substrates.
For oxidative phosphorylation, take ATP synthase as an example. Due to the proton motive force, the 'motor' of the enzyme allows the knob to spin, changing affinities for ADP, Pi (inorganic phosphate), and ATP. Thus, to produce ATP, ADP and Pi are required as substrates.
In all, a molecule containing readily 'detachable' phosphate group, an inorganic phosphate, and ADP can serve as substrates for ATP production.
On your first research mission you make an amazing discovery by finding a new species living in the hostile environment of the sahara desert. after observing it carefully you determine that it is not an autotroph, it is multicellular, and it does not contain any chitin. what is the best classification for it? a. animalia b. eubacteria c. protista d. plantae
The best classification for this new species is Animalia.
According to the six kingdom classification given by Carl Woese, all organisms are divided into 6 kingdoms.
1) Archaebacteria
2) Eubacteria
3) Protista
4) Fungi
5) Plantae
6) Animalia
As the newly discovered species is a multicellular (made up of more than one cell) organism.
Then it can only belong to Kingdom Fungi, Plantae and Animalia as the rest of the kingdoms like Archaebacteria, Eubacteria and Protista consist of unicellular organisms that are made up of only one type of cell.
Now this species is not autotrophic ( i.e. an organism that can get its own nutrition by the use of light, water, carbon dioxide, or other substances).
It means it is heterotrophic which means it can't get nutrition on its own.
Out of the Fungi, Plantae and Animalia , only fungi and Animalia kingdoms consist of heterotrophic organisms.
Now this species also does not contain chitin which is an important characteristics of Fungi.
So only option left is Animalia.
Hence, the best classification for this new species is Animalia.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the four macromolecules that make up cells?
Answer:
can you give the choices
Antenna-like nerve endings in the retina, called _____, respond to all wavelengths of visible light and give us the ability to distinguish light from dark.
Antenna-like nerve endings in the retina, called rods, respond to all wavelengths of visible light and give us the ability to distinguish light from dark.
What about the eye in human?As a sensory organ, the eye is. It gathers light from the external environment that can be seen and transforms it into nerve impulses. These signals are sent by the optic nerve to the brain, which interprets them to produce an image and enable sight.Unique cells called photoreceptors are found in the retina, a layer of tissue at the back of the eye, and they are responsible for turning light into electrical signals when it strikes the retina.The optic nerve carries these electrical signals from the retina to the brain.Your eyes send signals to your brain, which then interprets those signals to produce visual images. They are essential to how well you can see. Each optic nerve is made up of millions of nerve fibers. Loss of vision in one or both eyes can result from damage to an optic nerve.Learn more about eye here:
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What potential outcomes are possible after replication in a dna molecule with a depurination modification that is left unrepaired?
Depurination is a spontaneous chemical processes that is known to cause the most severe DNA damage in cells. DNA can be depurinated to liberate guanine and adenine.
The DNA molecule either has the typical sequence or lacks one nucleotide pair. A daughter DNA molecule can be produced during the replication of a double-stranded DNA molecule that has experienced depurination on an A or G nucleotide on one of the strands, depending on whether the sequence is normal or not. The replication machinery can simply skip over the depurinated base and go to the following nucleotide on the strand that contains the damaged nucleotide, generating a daughter DNA molecule that is missing that entire nucleotide pair. Since the sequence is unaltered on the other DNA strand, a normal, complementary daughter strand is created during replication, resulting in a double-stranded DNA with all of its typical properties. It's crucial to keep in mind that a cell's regular DNA machinery.learn more about depurination here: https://brainly.com/question/23189187
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Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.
a. voluntary cortical control
b. stretch receptors in the alveoli
c. composition of alveolar air
d. thalamic control
The Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include voluntary cortical control (Option a).
What is cortical control?The expression 'cortical control' makes reference to the functions of the body that are controlled by the cerebral cortex area.
The cortical area is a region of the brain associated with consciousness, feelings and emotions, language, memory, etc.
In conclusion, the Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include voluntary cortical control (Option a).
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The dsm distinguishes between ______ general types of bipolar disorder. the dsm distinguishes between ______ general types of bipolar disorder.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) distinguishes between two (2) general types of bipolar disorder.
What is bipolar disorder?Bipolar disorder is a type of mental disorder in which the individual suffers different alterations in personality and behavior.
This type of disorder (bipolar disorder) can alter the mood of the individual and his/her energy to perform different tasks, thereby it must be treated accordingly in clinical settings.
Bipolar disorders are associated with both genetic and environmental factors.
In conclusion, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) distinguishes between two (2) general types of bipolar disorder.
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The DSM distinguishes between 2 general types of bipolar disorder.
What does DSM mean?The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is known to be a handbook that is said to be often used by health care professionals and it is said to be a kind of an authoritative guide that is often used in the diagnosis of mental disorders.
Note that the DSM is made up of descriptions, symptoms and other forms that are used for diagnosing mental disorders.
Therefore, The DSM distinguishes between 2 general types of bipolar disorder which are known to be bipolar I and Bipolar II.
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See full question below
There are _______ major types of bipolar disorders listed in the DSM-5.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 6
A/an ____________________ is a nodule or cyst, often on the upper eyelid, resulting from the obstruction of a sebaceous gland.
A/an _________Chalazion__________ is a nodule or cyst, often on the upper eyelid, resulting from the obstruction of a sebaceous gland.
Chalazion normally present as a nodule of an eyelid. It arises from obstruction of the sebaceous i.e oil glands of the eyelid tarsal plate. It affects the top eyelids greater normally than lower lids due to the fact there are greater meibomian sebaceous glands within the top lid.
A sebaceous gland is a microscopic exocrine gland within the skin that opens right into a hair follicle to secrete an oily or waxy depend, called sebum, which lubricates the hair and skin of mammals.
A chalazion or cyst is a small lump or swelling in the eyelid, containing fluid or semi-stable fabric. it is a fairly common circumstance and is because of a blockage in one of the small glands inside the eyelid, called the meibomian gland. frequently, the blocked gland will become infected or infected.
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__________ is the name of the specialized enzyme that unzips the bonds between bases.
Helicase is the name of the specialized enzyme that unzips the bonds between bases.
By severing the hydrogen bonds between base pairs and unwinding the DNA molecule's two strands, an enzyme known as Helicase aids in unzipping the molecule. It binds to and dissolves the hydrogen bonds connecting the bases on the DNA strands. These hydrogen bonds continue to be broken as the helicase travels along the DNA molecule, separating the two polynucleotide chains.
Primase, a different enzyme, momentarily binds to each strand when the helicase separates them in order to build a foundation upon which replication can start.
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Our actual respiratory capacity is ____________________ as much as our 'normal' breathing.
Our actual respiratory capacity is 12- 20 breaths per minute as much as our 'normal' breathing.
Normal respiration rates for an adult person at rest range from 12 to 16 breaths per minute. Respiration rate is measured as the number of complete breaths counted in 30 seconds. The respiration rate in females is generally faster than in males. One breath equals one inhalation and one exhalation. The respiration rate is measured as the number of complete breaths counted in 1 minute.
Respiration rate depends on fundamental vital sign that is sensitive to different health conditions for example adverse cardiac events, pneumonia, and clinical deterioration .other factors include emotional stress, cognitive load, heat, cold, and exercise-induced fatigue.
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Loss of dna sequences at the ends of chromosomes in the ________ region may cause cell senescence.
Loss of DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes in the telomere region may cause cell senescence.
A chromosome's end contains a stretch of repeating DNA sequences known as a telomere. Chromosome ends are shielded from fraying or tangling by telomeres. The telomeres get a little bit shorter every time a cell divides. They eventually get so short that the cell can no longer successfully divide, and the cell then perishes.With age, telomere length decreases. The health and lifespan of an individual are impacted by the progressive shortening of telomeres, which causes senescence, apoptosis, or oncogenic transformation of somatic cells. Reduced survival and higher illness incidence have been linked to shorter telomeres.Telomeres shrink by 50–200 bp with each somatic cell division cycle as a result of inadequate synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA replication.learn more about telomeres here: https://brainly.com/question/13784303
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The flow of information from mrna to proteins during gene expression is called __________.
According to the research, the correct option is translation, the flow of information from mrna to proteins during gene expression is called Translation.
What is Translation?It is the process where the information from mRNA is read to form a polypeptide chain, which is basically a protein with a linear structure.
For genes to encode information and synthesize proteins, a whole process of reading and coding DNA, RNA of different types, as well as the involvement of ribosomes, is necessary.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is translation, the flow of information from mrna to proteins during gene expression is called Translation.
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The infectious cycles of enveloped animal viruses and temperate bacteriophages are most similar because:_______
The infectious cycles of enveloped animal viruses and temperate bacteriophages are most similar because infected cells can live for a prolonged period of time.
What is an infectious cycle?An infectious cycle can be defined as the cell life cycle of an infectious microorganism such as bacteria and also viral entities.
Viruses such as bacteriophages are not classified as true living organisms because they need suitable host cells to propagate (survival and reproduction), but the viral cycle is also sensitive to suitable conditions.
In conclusion, the infectious cycles of enveloped animal viruses and temperate bacteriophages are most similar because infected cells can live for a prolonged period of time.
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What enzyme adds complementary bases to exposed single strands of dna during dna replication?
The name of the enzyme is a polymerase. In the DNA replication process, polymerase plays an important role.
The enzyme polymerase is important for the process of DNA replication. Many other enzymes are involved in this process to complete this process.
The enzyme DNA ligase helps in joining the strands. This enzyme simply performs joining and sealing functions.
The enzyme DNA polymerase produces new strands from the parent strands i.e. from the old one.
The new strand is synthesized by joining old and new strands by enzyme DNA polymerase
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What are four possible phenotypes in this dihybrid punnett square?