Interstellar clouds belong to four different types: diffuse atomic, diffuse molecular, translucent, and dense molecular. The extent of these clouds varies from a few to hundreds of light-years and is composed of gas and a small fraction of dust particles.
Nearly 99% of the interstellar medium is in a gaseous state, with hydrogen making up 90% of the atoms. About half of the gas is linked up in interstellar gas clouds which have different properties counting on the temperature of the gas. In the coldest and densest regions of the interstellar medium, we see clouds whose cores comprise molecular gases, mainly molecular hydrogen (H₂) gas. If the gas cloud is not relatively cold or dense adequately for hydrogen molecules to survive, we end up with a cloud of neutral hydrogen atoms.
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The flow rate of a liquid through a 4. 0-cm-radius pipe is 0. 0070 m3/s. The average fluid speed in the pipe is:.
The average fluid speed in the pipe is 0.14 m/s. This can be calculated using the equation of fluid flow rate and the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
To calculate the average fluid speed, we need to use the equation of fluid flow rate, which is given by the product of the fluid velocity and the cross-sectional area of the pipe. The cross-sectional area of a pipe with a 4.0 cm radius can be calculated as π times the radius squared, giving us a value of 50.3 cm². The fluid velocity can then be calculated by dividing the flow rate by the cross-sectional area:
0.0070 m³/s ÷ (50.3 cm² x 10^-4 m²/cm²) = 0.14 m/s.
This is the average fluid speed in the pipe.
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Design an experiment to show that the chemical changes occurring as a log burns in a fireplace are governed by the law of conservation of mass.
The experiment to show that the chemical changes occurring as a log burns in a fireplace are governed by the law of conservation of mass can be performed by weighing the log before and after burning and measuring the amount of ash and gases produced.
The experiment can be carried out by obtaining a dry log of known mass, placing it on a scale, and recording its weight. The log is then burned in a fireplace, and once the fire has been extinguished, the remaining ashes are collected and weighed. Additionally, the volume of gases produced during combustion can be measured using a gas displacement apparatus.
The initial mass of the log should be equal to the final mass of the ash and gases produced, providing evidence for the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions. The experiment can be repeated with different types of logs to demonstrate that the law of conservation of mass applies to all types of combustion reactions.
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What size filter paper should be used with a hirsch funnel?
The size of filter paper you should use with a Hirsch funnel depends on the size of the funnel. if you have a Hirsch funnel with a diameter of 7cm, you might choose filter paper with a diameter of 9cm.
To determine the appropriate filter paper size, you should select a filter paper that is slightly larger in diameter than the widest part of the Hirsch funnel. This allows the filter paper to fit snugly in the funnel and helps to prevent it from folding or collapsing during the filtration process.
For example, if you have a Hirsch funnel with a diameter of 7 centimeters, you might choose filter paper with a diameter of 9 centimeters. This will provide enough excess filter paper to fold over the edges of the funnel and ensure a tight fit.
It's also important to choose the appropriate grade of filter paper based on the nature of the material being filtered and the desired filtration rate. You can consult the manufacturer's instructions or a laboratory handbook for guidance on selecting the appropriate grade of filter paper.
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when combining a strong acid with water to dilute it, you should add the acid to the water.
The given statement "when combining a strong acid with water to dilute it, you should add the acid to the water" is true because when diluting a strong acid, it is generally recommended to add the acid to the water, rather than the other way around; therefore the given statement is true.
This is because the process of mixing a strong acid with water can generate a significant amount of heat, and adding water to the acid can result in a rapid release of this heat, potentially causing the solution to boil or splatter. On the other hand, adding the acid slowly to the water allows for better heat dissipation, reducing the risk of splattering or boiling. Therefore, the general rule of thumb is to "add acid to water", which helps ensure safe and controlled mixing.
"
when combining a strong acid with water to dilute it, you should add the acid to the water.
True
False
"
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How many ions would you expect MgBr2 to break down into in water? a) 2 b) 3 c) 1 d) 4
MgBr2 will break down as 3 ions into in water
Describe an ion.
A charged atom or molecule is known as an ion. Because there are more electrons than protons in the atom or molecule, it is charged. Depending on whether the number of electrons in an atom is greater or less than the number of protons in the atom, an atom can develop a positive charge or a negative charge.
The ionic compound known as magnesium bromide is created when the metal magnesium and the non-metal bromine are combined. Each molecule of MgBr2 contains three ions (1x Mg2 and 2x Br-).
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What intermolecular forces are in solid NaCl salt?
The intermolecular forces are in the solid NaCl salt is ion - ion forces or the dipole - dipole forces of the interaction.
The Na is the metal and is capable of the donating the electrons and the Cl is the non metal and have capability of accepting the electrons. This makes the Na to form the cation and the Cl to make the anion. The dipole - dipole forces are present in the molecule which contains the oppositely charged ions one is positively charged ion and the other is the negatively charged ion.
Thus , the NaCl solid has the ion - ion intermolecular forces of the interaction .
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What is the molecular shape of XeF2?
The molecular shape of XeF₂ is linear.
This is because XeF₂ has five electron pairs around the central Xenon atom, three of which are lone pairs. These lone pairs push the two Fluorine atoms away from each other, resulting in a linear shape.
The molecular shape can also be determined using the VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) theory, which states that electron pairs will repel each other and arrange themselves as far apart as possible. In the case of XeF₂, the three lone pairs will repel each other and the two Fluorine atoms, resulting in the linear shape.
The molecular shape of XeF₂ is linear due to the presence of three lone pairs and the repulsion between electron pairs according to the VSEPR theory.
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Benzoic acid has limited solubility in water, but its conjugate base is completely soluble in water. Draw the structure of the product formed when benzoic acid is treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide? Click in the checkered box to open the structure drawing tool box.
When benzoic acid is treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide, it undergoes a neutralization reaction to form sodium benzoate, water, and hydrogen gas.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is: C6H5COOH + NaOH → C6H5COO-Na+ + H2O
In this reaction, the sodium hydroxide reacts with the benzoic acid to form sodium benzoate (the conjugate base of benzoic acid) and water.
The hydrogen gas is formed as a byproduct of the neutralization reaction. Sodium benzoate is completely soluble in water, while benzoic acid has limited solubility in water.
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What is the difference between a natural and a synthetic substance?
Answer:
natural and synthetic substances
Explanation:
natural substances are naturally occurring substances without human interference.
synthetic substances are the man made substances which are made from the natural substances.
Hope it helps..
Cold molecules are heavy and more blank
Answer:
Cooling a substance causes molecules to slow down and get slightly closer together, occupying a smaller volume that results in an increase in density. Hot water is less dense and will float on room-temperature water. Cold water is dense and will sink in room-temperature water.
Explanation:
True/False? the specific heat at constant volume of a particular gas is 0.182 kcal/kg⋅k at room temperature, and its molecular mass is 34.
False. The specific heat at constant volume of a particular gas, at room temperature, is dependent not only on its molecular mass but also on the number of atoms and molecules in the gas.
Different gases have different molecular masses, and the specific heat at constant volume for a particular gas is therefore not fixed.
For example, the molecular mass of oxygen is 32 g/mol, but its specific heat at constant volume is 0.214 kcal/kg⋅K at room temperature, while nitrogen has a molecular mass of 28 g/mol and a specific heat at constant volume of 0.241 kcal/kg⋅K.
Therefore, the statement that the specific heat at constant volume of a particular gas is 0.182 kcal/kg⋅K at room temperature, and its molecular mass is 34 is false.
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A shielded nucleus will absorb ____ from a deshielded nucleus and will have a _____ chemical shift.
A shielded nucleus will have a reduced chemical shift and will absorb upfield from a deshielded nucleus.
The nucleus is the central part of an atom that contains most of its mass and all of its positive charge. It is composed of protons and neutrons, which are held together by a strong nuclear force. The number of protons in the nucleus determines the element that the atom belongs to, while the number of neutrons can vary and give rise to different isotopes of the same element. The properties of the nucleus are essential in determining the behavior of the atom in chemical and physical reactions. Nuclei can also undergo nuclear reactions such as fission and fusion, which release enormous amounts of energy and are the basis for nuclear power and nuclear weapons. The study of nuclei and their properties is known as nuclear physics and is a fundamental area of modern science.
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The most reactive halogen is ?
Fluorine is the most reactive halogen. Because fluorine has the smallest radius and most electronegative character.
The most reactive halogen is Fluorine. It is the most electronegative element that is bonded to any other element it will withdraw electron density towards its own core. This property has measured by Pauling electronegativity scale. It changes the reactivity and properties of fluorine containing molecules. These materials are used as non-fluorinated ones. Due to the high reactivity property, fluorine almost never appears in its free form. This is found in the reduced form as fluoride (F−) in compounds like fluorspar (CaF2), cryolite (Na3AlF6).
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how the c6h6 lewis structure?
The lewis structure of the C₆H₆ that is the benzene is the benzene has the ring structure with the alternating double bonds.
The most common Lewis structure for the C₆H₆ is the Benzene. The Benzene has the ring structure with the alternating double bonds. The Benzene ring will be the part of many of the organic chemical compounds. The Compounds including the Benzene ring are called as the aromatic compound. The total number of the valence electrons in the benzene is 30 electrons.
The Lewis structures, are also called as the Lewis dot formulas, and it also called as the the Lewis dot structures, or the electron dot structures.
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how to calculate percent error chemistry
All of this is summed up with the formula: Percentage Error is equal ((Estimated Number – Actual Number)/ Actual number) x 100.
Depending on how close to the true value a measurement is, it may be accurate or inaccurate. Imagine you are conducting an experiment to find out how dense a sample of aluminum metal is. The true or accurate value of a measurement is one that is based on widespread agreement with an authoritative reference.
The accepted density for aluminum is 2.70g/cm3. A measurement's experimental value is its value as it is observed during the experiment. Let's say your experiment yields the experimental result that the aluminum density is 2.42g/cm3. The discrepancy between experimental and accepted values is an experiment's error.
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Selecting the range before you enter data saves time because it confines the movement of the active cell to the selected range.A. True
B. False
By limiting the movement of the active cell to the defined range, choosing the range before entering data saves time.
Does selecting the range before you enter data save time?Because the active cell can only move inside the range you have chosen, choosing the range before entering data saves time. There may be fewer or more places following the decimal in the percent style than there are by default. A reference based on a relative position of a cell is known as a relative cell reference.
A cell in Excel becomes the active cell when you enter data into it. The cell with the blinking cursor inside is the active cell. The arrow keys on your keyboard or a mouse click in a different cell can be used to go to a different cell.
Before you click the Paste button when pasting cells into a destination region, you must first select the entire area. Without using the keyboard, you can insert multiple rows or columns at once. Both the move and copy commands achieve the same result.
Therefore, the correct answer is option A. True.
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Talc is one of the softest minerals. That's the _____ it is best known for.
Talc is one of the softest minerals. That's the what it is best known for.
What is talc?Talc is a soft mineral that is composed of magnesium, silicon, and oxygen. It is a type of clay mineral that is known for its softness, smoothness, and ability to absorb moisture. Talc has a chemical formula of Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 and is often found in metamorphic rocks, particularly in regions where there is a lot of magnesium and silica.
Talc is commonly used in various industries, such as in the production of ceramics, paint, paper, and plastics. It is also used as a filler in products such as cosmetics, talcum powder, and pharmaceuticals.
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Is methanol polar liquid?
Yes, methanol is a polar liquid.
Methanol is a simple alcohol consisting of a single carbon atom, three hydrogen atoms, and one hydroxyl group (-OH). The oxygen atom in the hydroxyl group is highly electronegative, meaning it attracts electrons towards itself. As a result, there is an uneven distribution of electron density in the molecule, with the oxygen end being slightly negative and the carbon end being slightly positive.
This polarity makes methanol a polar solvent, meaning it has the ability to dissolve polar substances. Polar substances, such as salts and sugars, are typically composed of atoms with high electronegativity differences, and they are attracted to the polar regions of methanol molecules.
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What is the molecularity of each of the following elementary reactions? Write the rate law for each.
(a) Cl2(g) → 2 Cl(g)
(b) OCl–(aq) + H2O(l) → HOCl(aq) + OH–(aq)
(c) NO(g) + Cl2(g) → NOCl2(g)
The molecularity of an elementary reaction is equal to the sum of the stoichiometric coefficients of the reactants.
The molecularity of an elementary reaction is the number of molecules or atoms involved in the reaction. It is equal to the sum of the stoichiometric coefficients of the reactants.
(a) The elementary reaction Cl2(g) → 2 Cl(g) is a unimolecular reaction, as only one molecule is involved. The rate law for this reaction can be written as:
rate = k[Cl2]
(b) The elementary reaction OCl–(aq) + H2O(l) → HOCl(aq) + OH–(aq) is a bimolecular reaction, as two molecules are involved. The rate law for this reaction can be written as:
rate = k[OCl–][H2O]
(c) The elementary reaction NO(g) + Cl2(g) → NOCl2(g) is a bimolecular reaction, as two molecules are involved. The rate law for this reaction can be written as:
rate = k[NO][Cl2]
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Why is HF boiling point so high?
The gas and liquid hydrogen fluoride (HF) is extremely toxic and corrosive. Its surprising high boiling point is even higher than that of hydrogen iodide despite being the lightest of the hydrogen halides.
In the liquid phase, hydrogen and fluorine atoms form hydrogen bonds as a result of the fluorine atom's strong electronegativity. 1 The van der Waals forces connecting the other hydrogen halides are much weaker.
The molecule HF is commonly called hydrogen fluoride; but its Chemical Abstracts Service name, as found in SciFinder, is hydrofluoric acid. This usage also applies to the other hydrogen halides and has the potential for confusion with the terminology for aqueous solutions of the same compounds.
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Compare the emissions of a propane burning car to that of a car burning regular gasoline. Which pumps out more pollution? For simplicity, assume gasoline to be 100% octane (2,2,4- trimethylpentane).
1. Write and balance a combustion formula for each type of engine. (Don't forget phase signs!) Fuel + O2 → CO2 + H₂O
The combustion reaction for propane can be represented as follows:
C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (l)
The combustion reaction for gasoline (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) can be represented as follows:
C8H18 (g) + 25/2 O2 (g) → 8CO2 (g) + 9H2O (l)
In general, both types of engines produce CO2 and H2O as products of combustion. However, gasoline releases more CO2 per unit of fuel burned compared to propane, due to its higher carbon content. So, a car burning gasoline would produce more emissions of CO2 compared to a car burning propane.
does freezing involve the creation of a crystal structure
Yes, freezing involves the creation of a crystal structure. Freezing is the process of changing a liquid to a solid by cooling it below its freezing point.
During the freezing process, the molecules of the liquid slow down and begin to arrange themselves in a repeating pattern, forming a crystal structure. The crystal structure that forms during freezing is determined by the chemical composition of the substance, its temperature, and the rate at which it is cooled.
If a liquid is cooled slowly, larger and more well-defined crystals will form, whereas if a liquid is cooled quickly, smaller and less well-defined crystals will form. The crystal structure created during freezing can have a significant impact on the physical properties of the solid, such as its strength, transparency, and melting point.
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(a) calculate the number of moles of co2(g) present in the vessel at equilibrium.
There are 7 moles of co2(g) present in the vessel at equilibrium.
What is moles ?
A mole is the atom's elementary particle, an ion. The mole of the substance is always related to the Avogadro number. The mole is always associated with the weight or mass of the element or substance. The standard unit of a mole is mol. The mole is a significant factor of the reactant and products to form an equation. A mole calculates the atom, ion, and substance weighs.
What is equilibrium ?
A static or dynamic balance between opposing forces or actions, as in the case of a force acting on a body whose resultant is zero or of a reversible chemical process where the velocities in both directions are equal: a condition of intellectual or emotional balance.
Therefore, There are 7 moles of co2(g) present in the vessel at equilibrium.
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Calculate the pressure, in atmospheres, exerted by 2.50 L HF containing 1.35 mol at
320.0 K.
The pressure exerted by a gas can be calculated using the ideal gas law, which states that PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature in kelvins.
Plugging in the given values, we get:
P = (nRT) / V
P = (1.35 mol * 8.31 J/mol*K * 320.0 K) / (2.50 L * 10^-3 m^3)
P = (4460.8 J) / (0.0025 m^3)
P = 17843.2 Pa
To convert from pascals to atmospheres, we divide by 101325 Pa/atm:
P = 17843.2 Pa / 101325 Pa/atm
P = 0.176 atm
So, the pressure exerted by 2.50 L of HF containing 1.35 mol at 320.0 K is approximately 0.176 atm.
What is a metalloid on a periodic table?
Answer:
The elements can be classified as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, and are malleable (they can be hammered into sheets) and ductile (they can be drawn into wire). Most of the metals are solids at room temperature, with a characteristic silvery shine (except for mercury, which is a liquid). Nonmetals are (usually) poor conductors of heat and electricity, and are not malleable or ductile; many of the elemental nonmetals are gases at room temperature, while others are liquids and others are solids. The metalloids are intermediate in their properties. In their physical properties, they are more like the nonmetals, but under certain circumstances, several of them can be made to conduct electricity. These semiconductors are extremely important in computers and other electronic devices.
How many moles of H2O are needed to react with 7 moles Mg(OH)2 with excess Mg3N2?
answer asap plssss
In the presence of extra Mg3N2, a reaction involving 7 moles of Mg(OH)2 requires 14 moles of water.
One mole—what is it?A mole is the volume of a substance that contains 6.022 X 1023 of the substance's particles, atoms, ions, molecules, etc. A mole is a unit for counting molecules, ions, or atoms.
The reaction between Mg(OH)2 and H2O has the following balanced chemical equation:
Mg(OH)2 + 2H2O → Mg(OH)2·2H2O
This indicates that 2 moles of water react with 1 mole of Mg(OH)2.
We may determine how many moles of water are required by using the following formula since we have 7 moles of Mg(OH)2.
7 moles Mg(OH)2 × (2 moles H2O / 1 mole Mg(OH)2) = 14 moles H2O.
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what is the type of polyester that gets formed in the reaction between ethylene glycol and phthalic anhydride?
The polyester that gets formed in the reaction between ethylene glycol and phthalic anhydride is Glyptal.
Poly(ethylene terephthalate), additionally referred to as PET, is the main polyester. It is a copolymer of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. PET and all different polyesters are produced industrially with the aid of using transesterification reactions. PET is ready with the aid of using the response of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. Glyptal is a polyester, is shaped with the aid of using ethylene glycol and phthalic acid shaped with the aid of using step-boom polymerization as proven withinside the above response. As it warms, the phthalic anhydride will start to soften and dissolve withinside the ethylene glycol. You may also note that because it does so, the answer seems to boil; the water produced with the aid of using the response is boiling away.
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Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) has a density of 1. 11 g/cm3. What is the volume in liters of 3. 46 kg of ethylene glycol?.
The volume of 3.46 kg of ethylene glycol is 3.1 liters.
The volume of an object can be calculated by dividing its mass by its density. The mass of the ethylene glycol is 3.46 kg and its density is 1.11 g/cm3, so its volume can be calculated as follows:
volume = mass / density = 3.46 kg / (1.11 g/cm3) = 3.1 L
Since 1 liter is equal to 1000 cm3, the volume in liters can be directly calculated from the volume in cm3:
volume (L) = volume (cm3) / 1000 = 3.1 L
So, the volume of 3.46 kg of ethylene glycol is 3.1 liters.
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Is c2h2 polar or nonpolar ?
C₂H₂ is a nonpolar molecule.
Acetylene, commonly referred to as ethyne, is an organic chemical substance with the formula C₂H₂. This substance is a hydrocarbon since its entire atomic structure consists of hydrogen and carbon.
This is because the two carbon atoms form a triple bond with each other, and the two hydrogen atoms form single bonds with the carbon atoms. The electronegativity difference between carbon and hydrogen is very small, so the bonds are considered nonpolar.
Additionally, the molecule has a linear shape, which means that the charge distribution is symmetrical and there is no overall polarity. Therefore, C₂H₂ is a nonpolar molecule.
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when pollution couses rain to have a ph less than 5.6
Answer:
When oxides of sulphur and nitrogen are present in air.
Explanation:
Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen mix with rainwater and turn lower the pH of rainwater. This is results in what we call ACID RAIN.
You must be aware that when pH is less than 7 it shows acidic character.