Answer:
there must be a pre-existing chain of nucleotides
Explanation:
So RNA primers are used for initiation of new DNA chains.
RNA primer is short piece of RNA, synthesised at the end of the new strand with the help of DNA specific RNA polymerase enzyme called primase and primers provide free -OH for DNA polymerase to start polymersing. leading template strand requires primer only ones. But lagging template strand requires many primers. Once primer is ready DNA Pol(III) will come & start adding deoxyribonucleotide to the -OH of primer by complementary basepairing. Two nucleotides link each other by phosphodiester bond. The daughter DNA for template is synthesised continuously, Therefore called leading strand. DNA polymeraseIII has Exonuclease activityIt can add nucleotides in the direction. Replication is discontinuous on the other template with polarity because only a short segment of DNA strand can be built in direction due to exposure of a small stretch of template at one time.
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What is an example of a feedback loop on someone with Parkinson's disease?
Explanation:
Genetics has taught us a great deal about disorders in which the underlying cause is complex and, thus, often relegated to the catch all “sporadic” diseases. However, the gap between identifying genes and understanding their pathogenic pathways remains enormous. In this context, the new study by Mazzulli et al. (2011) in the current issue of Cell uncovers a tractable biochemical relationship between two complex diseases, the neurodegenerative disorder Parkinson's disease and the lysosomal disorder Gaucher disease, in which lipids accumulate in central organs.
Parkinson's disease is characterized by two pathological features. First, neurons die in regions of the brain, which control the normal fluidity of movement. This leads to the clinical picture of tremor, stiffness, slowness, and difficulties with posture. Second, proteins and lipids accumulate into structures, called Lewy bodies, inside surviving neurons (Gai et al., 2000). The synaptic protein α-synuclein is one key component of Lewy bodies, and variations in its gene, SNCA, are associated with inherited and sporadic Parkinson's disease (Hardy, 2010). When present in Lewy bodies, α-synuclein is aggregated; however, it is unclear which species causes cell death, the aggregated form or some intermediate in the aggregation pathway, such as soluble oligomers.
Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the GBA gene, which encodes the enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase). Parents and grandparents of patients with Gaucher disease have unusually high rates of Parkinson's disease, suggesting that these mutations are risk factors for Parkinson's disease (Velayati et al., 2010). Although mutations underlying Gaucher disease are loss of function, patients with Parkinson's disease always carry one wild-type GBA allele and thus possess at least 50% of normal enzyme function. Furthermore, there is no obvious correlation between the type of GBA mutation (i.e., completely inactive or one with some residual enzyme activity) and the risk of Parkinson's disease (Velayati et al., 2010). Thus, the genetic mechanism by which GBA mutations promote Parkinson's disease is still not clear.
GCase catalyzes the conversion of glucocerebroside to glucose and ceramide inside the lysosome. One possible link between GCase function and Parkinson's disease risk is α-synuclein. The main degradation pathway of α-synuclein is via lysosomal processing, and GCase interacts with α-synuclein in acidic environments, such as the lumen of the lysosome (Yap et al., 2011). Interestingly, α-synuclein has been shown to inhibit vesicle transport between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus, the main trafficking route for GCase to reach the lysosome. Thus, increased expression of α-synuclein should decrease levels of GCase in lysosomes. As an aside, mutant α-synuclein can inhibit chaperone-mediated autophagy, a process by which some substrates are imported into and degraded by the lysosome . Therefore, lysosomal dysfunction could increase α-synuclein levels, and α-synuclein could inhibit lysosomal function in multiple ways.
Indeed, the central idea in the paper by Mazzulli et al. is that this exact type of positive feedback loop occurs in Parkinson's disease patients carrying GBA mutations. To model the loss of enzyme function seen in these patients, the authors decrease the expression of GBA in mouse neurons to ∼50% of control conditions. Over a few days in culture, the neurons loose lysosomal turnover of long-lived proteins, including α-synuclein. The author observe this phenotype in primary neurons and in neurons reprogrammed from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), with the latter having both copies of GBA mutated, as found in neurons from patients with Gaucher disease.
The authors then characterize the formation of α-synuclein oligomers in cells, in mice, and in brains from people who had mutations in GBA. Soluble oligomers are found in neuronopathic forms of Gaucher disease, as well as Parkinson's disease patients heterozygous for GBA mutations. This observation suggests that the emergence of oligomers is not correlated with Lewy bodies but rather is a more fundamental consequence of GBA mutations. Mazzulli and colleagues also show that expression of α-synuclein impacts the trafficking of GCase from the ER-golgi to the lysosome, indicating that α-synuclein affects lysosomes irrespective of the presence of GBA mutations.
Simplistically, the data by Mazzulli and colleagues suggest the following model: a rise in α-synuclein levels through mutation, response to stress, or neuronal maturation (Li et al., 2004) inhibits the normal negative feedback loop of degradation by the lysosome, leading to more α-synuclein and more inhibition . Then the system would transition from one stable state to a second one that is self-sustaining, unless another pathway intervenes to stop it.
An anatomist needs to cut a skull open with a transverse cut. Which of the diagrams correctly shows how the cut should appear?
PLZ HALP ASAP
The current answer would be C.
I took the test I am 100% positive this is the answer
Marsha places a sealed plastics bottle of water in the freezer. The next day she discovers that the water has frozen and split the sides of the bottle.What process does this phenomen best represent? A chemical weathering b deposition C mountain building D physical weathing
Answer:
D. physical weathering
Explanation:
The geological process that initiates and leads to the breaking of the rocks is termed as the physical weathering. In this process, the chemical composition of the rocks do not undergo any change. The process of breaking of the rocks is both gradual and sudden. The movement of the earth, the change in the temperature, the rise and fall of the water level, the presence of ice rocks for longer duration of the time, and the melting of the snow are some of the reasons which causes the physical weathering.
The phenomena in the given expert represents the physical weathering.
Which of theses processes makes it possible for cells to take in water?
Answer:
Diffusion and Osmosis
Explanation:
Osmosis is a process in which water diffuses across cell membranes. Osmosis is the process of transferring water through a semipermeable membrane, with the solvent (for example, water) going from a low solute (dissolved substance) concentration to a high solute concentration.
To increase the strength of a nerve signal, neurons will
A. increase the frequency of the action potential.
B. increase the voltage of the action potential.
C. decrease the frequency of the action potential.
D. decrease the voltage of the action potential.
To increase the strength of a nerve signal neurons will : ( A ) Increase the frequency of the action potential
What is a nerve signal
A nerve signal is a charge that runs through a nerve fiber and travels down to another neuron. As the strength of a nerve signal increases there is a proportionate increase in the frequency of the action potential because the strength of a nerve signal ( stimulus strength ) is directly proportional to the frequency of the action potential.
Hence we can conclude that To increase the strength of a nerve signal neurons will : ( A ) Increase the frequency of the action potential.
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What would happen to a population of beavers if it was below the carrying capacity of the ecosystem?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Global Positioning Systems?
O Indicating where planting should begin
O Establishing accurate level lines across long distances
Keeping rows straight and accurate
O Precisely planting seeds in rows
Answer: indicating where planting should begin
Explanation:
I don’t know if I’m right though
but I think that is right
How is Earth unique in our Solar system?
Answer:
Earth is the only planet suitable for life in the solar system. Being right in the habitable zone where the sun is jsut right and not too cold.
Answer:
Earth is the only planet, which is suitable for life, it is also the only one that has liquid water on the surface :)
summarize how energy is made available by chemical reactions and describe what happens to usable energy
Answer:
Chemical reactions release energy when bonds are formed or broken. For example, in ice, energy in the form of heat is released. ... Enzymes decrease the amount of activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction.
i hope it helps u:)
have a great day ahead
The extra energy is the minimum amount of extra energy which required by reacting molecule to convert into the product and it is also known as activation energy.
What is activation energy?The extra energy is the minimum amount of extra energy which required by reacting molecule to convert into the product.
Factor at which activation energy depends are as follows:-
1: Activation energy depends upon the nature of reactant if reactant is ionic then required activation energy is less and if reactant is covalent then required activation energy is high.
2: Nature of catalyst if catalyst is positive then required activation energy is less and if catalysts is negative then required energy is high.
3: Activation energy doesn't depend on pressure, temperature, volume etc.
Temperature is one the important factor at which any reaction is depend. In any reaction if temperature is increases the rate of reaction is increases and if temperature is decreases the rate of reaction is decreases.
Here, is the Arrhenius Equation which shows the temperature dependence of the rate of a chemical reaction.
k=Ae^−EaRT
Where,
k= rate constant of the reaction
A= Arrhenius Constant
Ea= Activation Energy for the reaction (in Joules mol^-1)
R= Universal Gas Constant
T= Temperature in absolute scale (in kelvins)
Therefore, The incident that happen before a chemical reaction can begin the activation energy must be reached. The extra energy is the minimum amount of extra energy which required by reacting molecule to convert into the product and it is also known as activation energy.
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Label them plzzz!!!!!
Answer:
1. Mitochondria - you can tell based on the double membrane and the folding of the cristae shown in yellow
2. Centrosome- the centrosome is made up of two cylindrical centrioles.
3. Lysosome - lysosomes are round vesicles (think like bubbles) that digest waste products
4. Cytoplasm - the fluid-filled space inside the cell is the cytoplasm
5. Nucleosome - the "nucleus inside the nucleus" is called the nucleosome. It is where ribosomal RNA is made. It is not surrounded by a membrane
6. Nucleus - the large sphere-shaped organelle that holds the genetic material
7. DNA - the genetic material found inside the nucleus
8. Cilia - hair-like structures that help in locomotion
9. Rough endoplasmic reticulum - a series of folded membranes with ribosomes attached to the surface used in protein synthesis
10. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - a series of folded membranes without ribosomes, giving a smooth appearance. Also used in protein synthesis, folding and modification.
11. Cytoskeleton - a series of filaments that helps the cell control its internal structure
12. Vesicles - vesicles containing proteins and other organic molecules budding off the endoplasmic reticulum
13. Ribosomes - small round structures that represent cellular protein synthesis machines. Can be free floating or attached to the ER
14. Golgi apparatus - A series of flattened pouches that sorts, packages and transports proteins from the ER
15. Cell membrane - defines the boundary of the cell and controls the entry and exit of different substances
why does a 5 year old child need more energy than a teenager?
Answer:
Because a 5 year old child can't take care of himself or herself. So, a 5 year old child needs more energy to fight with disease than a teenager. A teenager can take care of himself or herself to prevent him or her suffer from disease. Hence, small child needs more energy
Hope it helps
What is the relationship between sea surface temperature and primary productivity?
Radiation reaches the sea surface and heats the water. Primary producers are beneficiated and reproduce more. The temperature keeps enhancing. Productivity increases proportionally to the producers' growth.
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Sea biological activity is essential for global biogeochemical cycles. Different factors influence primary productivity -PP- on the sea surface. These are radiation, the capability of trapping photons (which depends on pigments concentration), nutrients availability, and temperature.
Temperature is one of the most significant ecological factors that influence PP. The temperature might directly or indirectly affect primary producers.
Directly ⇒ regulates enzymatic respiration and photosynthesis processes. Indirectly ⇒ is responsible for a vertical gradient of temperature in seawater, which isolated the superficial stratum from the deepest region ⇒ Mainly in summer.⇒ The superficial stratum is the euphotic zone.
⇒ The deepest stratum is the aphotic zone, rich in nutrients and poor phytoplanktonic growth.
The interaction between light, temperature, and nutrients determines primary producers' growth, which has a significant role in species succession.
Superficial sea layers receive more radiation than deeper areas, getting warmer (especially in summer). Organisms seem to be beneficiated and grow faster when the water temperature reaches the middle of their tolerance range. More organisms present in the superficial stratum increase primary productivity, as well as water the temperature.
In every aquatic ecosystem, primary productivity is seasonal. Winds, light, and nutrients vary over time, depending on environmental conditions, weather, and clime.
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Which test tubes were used to determine the optimal ph for pepsin activity?.
Answer:
tubes 2,5, & 6
Explanation:
I need help figuring out which graph to use.
This is for Earth Space Science, not biology.
Circle graphs/Pie Charts are best used to compare the parts of a whole.
You want to give a visual representation of percentages as a relative proportion of the total of a circle. They are a type of graph even though they do not have any axes. A pie chart is a circle divided into sectors (think of them as the slices of a cake).
Circle Graphs are used to compare the parts of a whole. Circle graphs represent data visually in the same proportion as the numerical data in a table: The area of each sector in a circle graph is in the same proportion to the whole circle as each item is to the total value in the table. Constructing an accurate circle graph is difficult to do without a computer. This is because you must first find each part of the whole through several elaborate calculations and then use a protractor to draw each angle. This leaves a lot of room for human error. Circle graphs are best used for displaying data when there are no more than five or six sectors, and when the values of each sector are different. Otherwise, they can be difficult to read and understand.
Answer: A Pie chart.
I hope this helps :D
What’s the answer for 26
Answer:
I believe the answer is B
Explanation:
Catalysts pull down the energy needed to perform a reaction, so it makes sense that the dotted line is lower than the solid line.
what would most likely happen if an error occurred when RNA was recieving coding information
Answer:
Proteins won't be made or are made improperly. If the mutations occur in the gametes, the offspring's DNA will be affected positively, negatively, or neutrally.
Bruhhhhh im so stuck!!!
Answer:
d) There is a bigger pool of knowledge to pull from to help you create a hypothesis.
Explanation:
Collaborative discussion allows you to gain more information/ideas from different people.
1. Macrophages are found in:
a. Lymph nodes
b. Spleen
C. Brain
d. All of the above
Answer:All of the above
Explanation:
Name three ways human caused rocks to break
Answer:
Weathering causes the disintegration of rock near the surface of the earth. Plant and animal life, atmosphere and water are the major causes of weathering. Weathering breaks down and loosens the surface minerals of rock so they can be transported away by agents of erosion such as water, wind and ice.
Explanation:
English ivy is a plant that has the ability to grab onto objects and grow upward to get sunlight. This ivy can also be found growing flat along the ground. What causes the variation in the ivy growth?
A. The ivy grows according to how its parents grew, and ivy that grows upward must be a different species than ivy that grows along the ground.
B. The ivy grows where it will be able to blend into its environment to avoid predation.
C. The ivy grows where it will receive the least amount of sunlight for photosynthesis.
D. The ivy grows according to its environment, and ivy that grows upward has things nearby to climb, while ivy that grows on the ground does not.
Answer: I think its C but I'm not really sure this is more like an educated guess haha because I know that ivy grows the best in partial to full shade.
Explanation:
Answer:
D
Explanation:
I initially thought it was D because C doesn't make sense. Why would the ivy grow away from the sunlight and not towards it? Plants have no knowledge of how their predecessors grew, and I don't think the type of ivy matters. But please correct me if I'm wrong.
What are the logical target organs for cancer related to coal mining? Can you think of other organs that may be affected by the coal dust?
Answer:
Lungs
Explanation:
Due to coal debris this may effect your respritory system causing someone to develop COPD or lung cancer.
The images show the stages of human development. At which stage does cell differentiation start?
Cell differentiation occurs in the embryo after the third week of fertilization. The unspecialized mass of cells differentiates into specialized cells which perform specific functions.
What is Cellular differentiation?Cell differentiation is the process in which a stem cell which is present in the embryo undergoes changes to form specialized cells. The specialized cells are those cells which perform a specific function in body.
During the third week post-fertilization, the embryo begins to undergo the process of cellular differentiation. Cell Differentiation is the process through which the unspecialized cells become specialized to perform different functions. Cellular differentiation occurs as a result of certain genes which are expressed in cells while other genes remain unexpressed.
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Which describes the life cycle of a plant that has an alternation of generations?
(A) a diploid sporophyte stage and diploid gametophyte stage
(B) a diploid sporophyte stage and haploid gametophyte stage
(C) a haploid sporophyte stage and diploid gametophyte stage
(D) a haploid sporophyte stage and haploid gametophyte stage
Answer:
B) a diploid sporophyte stage and haploid gametophyte stage
Which type of plant life would be present in a climax community but would NOT be present in the early stages of succession?
Grasses
Trees
Wildflowers
Shrubs
A climax community is composed of a wide variety of plant species, among which many of them are trees of varying heights. The correct option is B. Trees.
What is the climax community?
The climax community is the designation used to name communities at their maximum level of stability. It is also the highest level in ecological succession.
These communities have a wide diversity of species and complex trophic nets. However, they do not have extents in the production of organic matter. This is because most of it is consumed by the community. This makes them stable.
Vegetable species composing these communities are usually big-sized, and they characterize by their long life cycle, slow growth, and high survival that make them resist many adverse situations. These species exhibit stratification of canopy cover, existing different levels such as herb plants, shrubs, and trees of varying heights.
Trees are the type of plants that usually compose the climax community but are hardly a component of the early stages.
The correct option is B. Trees.
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Which of the processes is not part of plant defenses against pathogens?.
The defense that forms the first line of protection in plants is the physical defense.
What are the defense mechanisms in plants?The defense that forms the first line of protection in plants is the physical defense. Some examples of physical defense include the thorns and spikes present in certain plants like rose and hawthorn. These defensive mechanisms help plants to protect themselves from herbivores and stop them from eating plants.
Apart from this plants also produce a variety of proteins like thionin, plant defensins, ribosome-inactivating proteins, acrylics, cyclotides, canatoxin, urease, alpha-amylase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and lectins
Among the secondary metabolites, the most common and widespread defensive compounds are plant phenols. They not only provide protection against herbivores but also against microorganisms.
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I need help with this question (don’t need the evidence part)
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why is cell division and motosis important for maintaining complex organism?Because Cell division is fundamental to all living organisms and required for growth and development. As an essential means of reproduction for all living things, cell division allows organisms to transfer their genetic material to their offspring. And Cell division plays an important role in all living organisms, as it is essential for growth, repair and reproduction. This process helps in Renewing of damaged cells. Production of new cells from older ones. And motosis is a process that helps cell devide and grow. It is important for organisms because it allows them to survive and grow. Motosis is also important for the development of embryos, as it helps them to develop into different types of cells.
Cell division:Cell division is the process in which a parent cell divides, giving rise to two or more daughter cells. It is an essential biological process in many organisms. It is the means used by multicellular organisms in order to grow, replenish (repair), and reproduce.
Motosis:The mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes is maintained. Therefore, mitosis is also known as equational division.
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Explanation:
#Carry on learning(ノ^_^)ノ
Throughout the day, both the direction and the length of this shadow will change in a predictable pattern because of the A) season of the year. B) rotation of the Earth on its axis. orbit of the Earth around the Sun. D) movement of the Sun around the Earth.
According to the rotation movements of the Earth, the direction and the length of this shadow will change in a predictable pattern because of the Rotation of the Earth on its axis. Option B).
What is rotation of the Earth on its axis?
The Earth rotates on its rotation axis, which passes through the geographical north and south poles.
It takes 24 hours for the Earth to complete this rotation movement turn. During this time there are different consequences of the rotation movement. One of them is the succession of days and nights.
Day and night succession occurs when the sun illuminates half of the planet while the other half remains dark. As the Earth rotates, the dark side gets illuminated, while the other half begins to be in darkness.
This pattern affects the direction and the length of the shadow. As the Earth rotates, the object's shadows modify. Its shape and size vary according to the position the sun is concerning the object.
Option B is correct. Rotation of the Earth on its axis.
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The Correct Answer is B: Rotation of Earth On Its Axis
What type of blood vessels are specialized to tolerate the pressure shock produced by the blood leaving the heart after each ventricular systole?.
true or false all of the elements in the periodic table are naturally occuring
Answer: False
Explanation:
A number of the elements have been created in recent years using particle accelerators.
They are nihonium, moscovium, tennessine, and oganesson for elements 113, 115, 116 & 117 on the periodic table of elements.
The concentration of sodium on the inside of the cell is 20 mM. The outside of the cell has a sodium concentration of 115 mM. Which mechanism of ion uptake would best move sodium from the inside of the cell to the outside?
osmosis
diffusion
passive transport
active transport
If the concentration of sodium on the inside of the cell is 20 mM, and the outside is 115 mM, then active transport will move sodium from the inside to the outside.
What is active transport?Active transport is a type of cellular transport mechanism that occurs against a concentration gradient.
In active transport, a molecule and/or ion is transported from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration.
Active transport requires energy (usually in the form of ATP) to move substances against a gradient.
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Answer:
Answer is D) Active transports
Explanation:
Got it on edge!