The stoichiometric coefficient in front of the oxygen ([tex]O_{2}[/tex]) in the balanced version of the reaction will be 6.
The number that must be present before the atoms, molecules, or ions is known as the stoichiometric coefficient. Fractions, as well as whole numbers, can be used as stoichiometric coefficients. Essentially, the coefficients assist us in determining the mole ratio of reactants to products.
The balanced chemical reaction will be
[tex]C_{4} H_{8} +6O_{2}[/tex] → [tex]4CO_{2} +4H_{2} O[/tex]
It can be seen that the stoichiometric coefficient in front of oxygen is 6.
Therefore, stoichiometric coefficient in front of oxygen will be 6.
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A 17.10 g compound is made up of 5.900 g n and 11.20 g C. What is the percent composition of carbon in this compound?
A 17.10 g compound is made up of 5.900 g n and 11.20 g C. the percent composition of carbon in this compound is 65.5%
The ratio of the amounts of each element to the sum of the individual element amounts present in the compound, multiplied by 100, is the definition of the percent composition of a given compound. In this instance, the quantity is expressed in grams of the constituent ingredients.
You may calculate the mole: mole ratio of the components present in a compound by knowing the % composition of the compound. You can determine the ion ratio in a chemical once you have this information. Mass percent composition is also referred to as mass percent. It is denoted by the symbol w/w percent. Mass percent composition for a solution is equal to the mass of an element in one mole of the compound divided by the compound's molar mass, multiplied by 100%.
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Water is the ______ in aqueous solutions because it can dissolve polar molecules.
Answer:
solvent
Explanation:
Water dissolves the substances, which become the solutes in the solution.
Which properties does uranium-238 have?
The main properties of uranium-238 are as follows,
The uranium-238 have orthorhombic crystal structure.The physical state of uranium-238 is solid.The uranium-238 have acid base properties.The uranium-238 have hard and silver white metal.The natural abundance of uranium-238 is 99%The Atomic mass and atomic weight of uranium-238
The atomic number of uranium-238 is 92The atomic weight of uranium-238 is 238.02learn about uranium-238
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Element m reacts with fluorine to form an ionic compound with the formula mf4. the m cation has 18 electrons. element m is:____.
Element M reacts with fluorine to form an ionic compound with the formula MF₄. The M cation has 18 electrons. Element M is Sn.
What is Ionic Compound ?An ionic compound is defined as the compound made up of ions that formed charge particles when an atom loses or gains electrons.
What is Cation ?Cations are positively charged ions. It forms when an element lose one or more electrons.
The cation which has 18 electrons is Sn. Sn react with fluorine to form an ionic compound with the formula SnF₄ because Sn is large and F is very small in size.
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that Element M reacts with fluorine to form an ionic compound with the formula MF₄. The M cation has 18 electrons. Element M is Sn.
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A sample of 0.400 moles of nitrogen occupies 0.800 L. Under the same conditions, what number of moles occupies 1.200 L
Taking into account the Avogadro's Law, 0.600 moles occupies 1.200 L.
Avogadro's LawAvogadro's Law is a gas law that relates the volume and amount of gas at constant pressure and temperature.
Avogadro's law states that volume is directly proportional to the amount of gas: increasing the amount of gas will increase the volume, while decreasing the amount of gas will decrease the volume.
Mathematically, this law states that the ratio between the volume and the amount of gas is constant:
[tex]\frac{V}{n} =k[/tex]
Assuming that there is a certain amount of gas n1 that occupies a volume V1 at the beginning of the experiment, by varying the amount of gas to a new value n2, then the volume will change to V2, and the following is true:
[tex]\frac{V1}{n1} =\frac{V2}{n2}[/tex]
Amount of moles in this caseIn this case, you know:
V1=0.800 Ln1= 0.400 molesV2= 1.200 Ln2= ?Replacing in Avogadro's Law:
[tex]\frac{0.800 L}{0.400 moles} =\frac{1.200 L}{n2}[/tex]
Solving:
[tex]n2x\frac{0.800 L}{0.400 moles} =1.200 L[/tex]
[tex]n2=\frac{1.200 L}{\frac{0.800 L}{0.400 moles} }[/tex]
n2= 0.600 moles
Finally, 0.600 moles occupies 1.200 L.
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what is saturated solution?12
Answer:
A solution in which the maximum amount of solvent has been dissolved
Explanation:
For example, 36g of salt in 100g of water.
The enthalpy of vaporization of Bromine is 15.4 kJ/mol. What is the energy change when 80.2 g of Br2 condenses to a liquid at 59.5°C?
The enthalpy of vaporization of Bromine is 15.4 kJ/mol. -7.7 kJ is the energy change when 80.2 g of Br₂ condenses to a liquid at 59.5°C.
What is Enthalpy of Vaporization ?The amount of enthalpy or energy that must be added to a liquid substance into gas substance is called Enthalpy of Vaporization. It is also known as Latent heat of vaporization.
How to find the energy change from enthalpy of vaporization ?To calculate the energy use this expression:
[tex]Q = n \Delta H_{\text{vapo.}[/tex]
where,
Q = Energy change
n = number of moles
[tex]\Delta H_{\text{Vapo.}}[/tex] = Molar enthalpy of vaporization
Now find the number of moles
Number of moles (n) = [tex]\frac{\text{Given Mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{80.2\ g }{159.8\ g/mol}[/tex]
= 0.5 mol
Now put the values in above formula we get
[tex]Q = - n \Delta H_{\text{vapo.}[/tex] [Negative sign is used because Br₂ condensed here]
= - (0.5 mol × 15.4 kJ/mol)
= - 7.7 kJ
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that The enthalpy of vaporization of Bromine is 15.4 kJ/mol. -7.7 kJ is the energy change when 80.2 g of Br₂ condenses to a liquid at 59.5°C.
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What is surface tension? what is the relationship between intermolecular forces and surface tension? how does surface tension change with temperature?
Because of its molecule's cohesive nature, surface tension has the quality to resist an external force.
Surface tension is simply a property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force.
If the intermolecular forces are stronger further results in higher surface tension. For example; water has a high surface tension resulting in strong dipole intermolecular forces. Another example is oil. Oil has a low surface tension resulting in lower dipole intermolecular forces.
Temperature is inversely proportional to Surface tension. Therefore, surface tension increases as the temperature decreases.
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TRY
Which element, represented by X, reacts with chlorine to produce the compound XCI?
Answer:
Aluminum
Explanation:
Each chlorine atom needs one more valence electron to have a full valence electron shell, so X needs to have 3 valuence electrons. The only that satisfies this is aluminum.
In a voltaic (galvanic) cell, oxidation occurs at the _____ and is where _____ in the salt bridge moves toward.
In a voltaic (galvanic) cell, oxidation occurs at the anode and is where anions in the salt bridge moves toward.
What is Galvanic Cell ?Galvanic Cell or Voltaic Cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the energy of spontaneous redox reactions into electrical energy. In galvanic cell oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction occurs at the cathode. The anode is positive and cathode is negative, anode attracts anions from solution in an electrolytic cell.
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that In a voltaic (galvanic) cell, oxidation occurs at the anode and is where anions in the salt bridge moves toward.
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Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of solid vanadium(V) oxide with hydrogen gas to form solid vanadium(III) oxide and liquid water.
V₂O₅ (s) + 2H₂ (g) → V₂O₃ (s) + 2H₂O(l) is the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of solid vanadium(V) oxide with hydrogen gas to form solid vanadium(III) oxide and liquid water.
What is Balanced Chemical Equation ?The balanced chemical equation is the equation in which the number of atoms on the reactant side is equal to the number of atoms on the product side in an equation.
The word based equation is
Vanadium(V) oxide + Hydrogen gas → Vanadium (III) oxide + Water
Now write the chemical equation
V₂O₅ (s) + 2H₂ (g) → V₂O₃ (s) + 2H₂O(l)
Reactant side Product side
V = 2 V = 2
O = 5 O = 5
H = 4 H = 4
We can see that the number of atoms on reactant side is equal to the number of atoms on product side. So the given equation is balanced.
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that V₂O₅ (s) + 2H₂ (g) → V₂O₃ (s) + 2H₂O(l) is the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of solid vanadium(V) oxide with hydrogen gas to form solid vanadium(III) oxide and liquid water.
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These two images have different chemical change words and definitions,
Can someone please help me match the word from its meaning?
Thank you!
Answer:
(1) Acid -------------------------------------> (G) When dissolved in water, its solution has a pH value less than 7. Acids are proton (H⁺ ion) donors.
(2) Alkali -----------------------------------> (E) The oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate of a metal that will react with an acid, forming a salt as one of the products (if a base dissolves in water it is called an alkali. Bases are proton (H⁺ ion) acceptors.
(3) Base ------------------------------------> (I) Its solution has a pH value of more than 7.
(4) Blast furnace ------------------------> (C) The huge reaction vessels used in industry to extract iron from its ore.
(5) Displacement reaction ----------> (R) A reaction in which a more reactive element takes the place of a less reactive element in one of its compounds or in solution.
(6) Mole -----------------------------------> (A) A very large number that is the amount of substance in the relative atomic or formula mass of a substance.
(7) Neutral -------------------------------> (J) A solution with a pH value of 7 which is neither acidic nor alkaline. Alternatively, something that carries no overall charge.
(8) Neutralization ----------------------> (F) The chemical reaction of an acid with a base in which a salt and water are formed. If the base is a carbonate of hydrogen carbonate, carbon dioxide is also produced in the reaction.
(9) Ore -------------------------------------> (P) Ore is rock which contains enough metal to make it economically worthwhile to extract the metal.
(10) Oxidation --------------------------> (B) A reaction where oxygen is added to a substance / or when electrons are lost from a substance.
(11) pH -------------------------------------> (O) A number which shows how strongly acidic or alkaline a solution is.
(12) Pipette ------------------------------> (N) A glass tube used to measure accurate volumes of liquids.
(13) Precipitate -------------------------> (K) An insoluble solid formed by a reaction taking place in solution.
(14) Reactant ---------------------------> (M) A substance we start with before a chemical reaction takes place.
(15) Reduction -------------------------> (S) A reaction in which oxygen is removed or electrons are gained.
(16) Salt ----------------------------------> (Q) A salt is a compound formed when some or all of the hydrogen in an acid is replaced by a metal.
(17) Strong acids ---------------------> (L) These acids completely ionize in solution and have a high concentration of H⁺ (aq) ions in solution.
(18) Universal indicator ------------> (H) A mixture of indicators that can change through a range of colors to show how strongly acidic or alkaline liquids and solutions are.
(19) Weak acids ----------------------> (D) Acids that do not ionize completely in aqueous solutions.
The value of the equilibrium constant K is a measure of how far the reaction proceeds toward the products at a given temperature. A small value of K indicates that the reaction favors the _____, whereas a large value of K indicates that the _____ will be present in a higher proportion.
The value of the equilibrium constant K is a measure of how far the reaction proceeds toward the products at a given temperature. A small value of K indicates that the reaction favors the reactants, whereas a large value of K indicates that the products will be present in a higher proportion.
What is Equilibrium Constant ?The equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction usually denoted by the symbol K that express the relationship between the amount of reactants and products when a chemical reaction reaches equilibrium.
It is expressed as:
[tex]K_{c} = \frac{[C]^{c} \times [D]^{d} \times ...}{[A]^{a} \times [B]^{b} \times ...}[/tex]
where,
K = Equilibrium constant
A, B = Products
C, D = Reactants
[A] = equilibrium concentration of A in moles
a = number of moles of A
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that The value of the equilibrium constant K is a measure of how far the reaction proceeds toward the products at a given temperature. A small value of K indicates that the reaction favors the reactants, whereas a large value of K indicates that the products will be present in a higher proportion.
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how the molecule’s properties affect the physical properties of a molecule
The intermolecular forces, such as hydrogen bonds or van der Waals attractions, which draw one molecule to its neighbors, govern a substance's physical properties. Due to the relatively weak intermolecular forces of attraction, molecular substances typically take the form of gases, liquids, or low melting point solids.
How do the intermolecular forces affect physical properties?The forces that bind two molecules together are known as intermolecular forces. Intermolecular forces have an impact on physical properties. Strong and weak forces both exist; the stronger the force, the more energy is needed to separate the molecules from one another. As intermolecular forces increase melting, boiling, and freezing points rise.
The following intermolecular forces are listed in order of strength:
Van der Waals dispersion forcesVan der Waals dipole-dipole interactionsHydrogen bondingIonic bondsIt would take very little energy to separate two molecules if they are connected by van der Waals dispersion forces. On the other hand, it requires a lot more energy to separate two molecules that are joined together by ionic bonds.
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A glass column is filled with mercury and inverted in a pool of mercury. The mercury column stabilizes at a height of 729 mm above the pool of mercury. What is the pressure of the atmosphere
The atmospheric pressure will be:
The pressure of the atmosphere resulting from the mercury column is 0.959 atm
What is atmospheric pressure?
The force that an object experiences from the weight of the air above it per unit area are known as atmospheric pressure.
Given: Height of mercury column = 729 mm Hg
To find: The pressure of the atmosphere
Calculation:
The atmospheric column resulting from the mercury column is calculated as follows:
1 atm =760 mm Hg
So, we can convert the 729 mm Hg to atm, and we get
Atmospheric pressure = 729 x 1 atm / 760 = 0.959 atm
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5. A 180 mL disinfectant solution contains 85 mL of isopropyl alcohol. Determine the V/V
concentration of this solution.
The % V/V concentration of a 180-mL disinfectant solution containing 85 mL of isopropyl alcohol is 47 % V/V.
What is the % V/V concentration?It refers to the milliliters of solute for every 100 milliliters of solution.
We have 180 mL of a disinfectant solution that contains 85 mL of isopropyl alcohol (solute).
The % V/V concentration of this solution is:
% V/V = (mL solute/mL solution) × 100% =
% V/V = (85 mL/180 mL) × 100% = 47% V/V
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One of the product chemicals is aluminum chloride, which is an eye and skin irritant that can cause chemical burns. What will prevent you from coming into contact with this hazard
One of the product chemicals is aluminum chloride, which is an eye and skin irritant that can cause chemical burns. Wear safety glasses, Avoid contact with water or moisture and Avoid dust formation will prevent you from coming into contact with this hazard.
What is Aluminum Chloride ?Aluminum chloride is also called Aluminum trichloride. The formula of Aluminum chloride is AlCl₃. Aluminum chloride is a poor conductor of electricity in molten state. It is a powerful Lewis acid. It has very low melting point and boiling point.
What will prevent you from coming into contact with this hazard ?To prevent from this hazard follows these rules:
Wear safety glassesWear Impervious gloves Avoid contact with water or moisture. Avoid dust formationThus from the above conclusion we can say that One of the product chemicals is aluminum chloride, which is an eye and skin irritant that can cause chemical burns. Wear safety glasses, Avoid contact with water or moisture and Avoid dust formation will prevent you from coming into contact with this hazard.
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A solution with a pH = 13 has approximately how many moles of OH– ions per liter?
Answer:
1 × 10-¹ moldm-³
Explanation:
Pkw = PH + POH
14 = 13 + POH
POH = 1
so , [OH-] = 1 × 10-¹ moldm-³
Based on the melting points of both substances in comparison with the table what's your guess
Based on the melting points of both substances in comparison, my guess is Sodium chloride and glucose are the mystery compounds.This is further explained below.
What is Sodium chloride?Generally, Salt's chemical name is sodium chloride. It is an electrolyte's job to keep your body's fluid balance in check.
In conclusion, Sodium chloride and glucose are the likely candidates based on their relative melting points.
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What, approximately, is the highest concentration of co2 measured in the earth's atmosphere in modern times?
In modern times the highest concentration of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] measured in the earth's atmosphere is 400 ppm.
The concentration of the [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] which is also refereed as global annual is increased by 50%.The rise in concentration of the [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] start from 280 ppm during [tex]10^{4}[/tex] years up to the mid-18th century to 421 ppm as of May 2022.The reason behind the rise of concentration of the [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] is the Industrial Revolution.The concentration of the [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] is rises in such pace the it is very dangerous for human health and environment.Learn about global annual
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According to the 2010 u.s. census, ______ percent of women had college degrees compared to approximately _____ percent of men.
According to the 2010 U.S. Census, 37 percent of women had college degrees compared to approximately 35 percent of men.
In 1970 and early 1980, women have surpassed men in number of bachelor's degree or master's degree in united state.
The women gets more degree to gain financial benefits. The gap in earning is greater in female graduate and non- graduate as compare to male graduate and non-graduate. To give education to girls saves lives and builds stronger families, communication and economic too.
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What would be the molecular formula of rose oxide which contains C, H, and O and has two degrees of unsaturation and a molecular ion in its mass spectrum at m/z
The molecular formula of rose oxide:
The formula of rose oxide will be [tex]C_{10}H_{18}O[/tex].
What is the molecular formula?
An expression known as the molecular formula describes how many atoms of each element are present in a single compound's molecule. It shows the exact number of atoms in every molecule.
Use the rule of thirteen to obtain the molecular formula for a chemical whose molecular mass is known. Follow these procedures to obtain the molecular formula:
To get the fundamental formula, multiply the molar mass by 13. (sum of the masses of one carbon atom and one hydrogen atom)
Molecular mass/ 13 = n + r/13
where, n = numerator and r = remainder
Base formula is [tex]C_{n}H_{n+r}[/tex]
Calculation:
Remove the mass of the carbon and hydrogen compound that belongs to the same group as the additional atoms if the molecular formula contains atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen.
Molecular mass /13 = 154/13
= 11 x 13 = 143
Thus, 11 non-H atoms are 11C.
Thus, the formula is [tex]C_{11}H_{11+11} = C_{11}H_{22}[/tex]
If oxygen, is present then the mass is 16 and remove [tex]CH_{4}[/tex].
[tex]C_{11}H_{22} - CH_{4} + O = C_{10}H_{18}O[/tex]
Thus, the formula of the compound will be [tex]C_{10}H_{18}O[/tex]
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You can practice converting between the mass of a solution and mass of solute when the mass percent concentration of a solution is known. The concentration of the KCN solution given in Part A corresponds to a mass percent of 0.208 % . What mass of a 0.208 % KCN solution contains 914 mg of KCN ? Express the mass to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.
The mass of the solution will be 4,394 mg
Mass percentThe mass percent of a component in a solution can be derived as follows:
Mass percent = mass of component/total mass of solution x 100%
In this case, the mass percent of KCN in the solution is 0.208 and the mass of KCN is 914 mg.
The mass of the 0.208% KCN solution will be:
914/0.208 = 4,394 mg
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Vapor pressure of a liquid increases with increasing temperature because increasing the temperature _______________.
Vapor pressure of a liquid increases with increasing temperature because increasing the temperature results in increasing kinetic energy and increase in molecular transition and motion.
What is Vapor Pressure?
The pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a specific temperature in a closed system is referred to as vapor pressure.A liquid's evaporation rate can be determined by looking at the equilibrium vapor pressure. It has to do with how often particles tend to float away from liquids (or a solid).Volatile is a term used to describe a chemical that has a high vapor pressure at room temperature. Vapor pressure is the force that vapor exerts when it is present above a liquid surface.A liquid's molecules have an increasing kinetic energy as its temperature rises. The more molecules that convert into a vapor as a result of an increase in molecular kinetic energy, the higher the vapor pressure will be.Know more about vapor pressure https://brainly.com/question/14617982
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If you react 1.50 mL of cyclohexanol, which has a density of 0.9624 g/mL, with 1.24 mL of 85% phosphoric acid, which has a density of 1.6845 g/mL, what is the theoretical yield (in g) of cyclohexene
the theoretical yield of cyclohexene 1.24ml as phosphoric acid acts as limiting reagent.
What is Limiting Reagent?When a chemical reaction is complete, the limiting reagent—also known as the limiting reactant or limiting agent—is the reactant that has been completely consumed.Since the reaction cannot proceed without this reagent, the amount of product that can be produced is constrained.Excess reagents or excess reactants are any reagents that are present in amounts greater than those necessary to cause a reaction with the limiting reagent (sometimes abbreviated as "xs").The theoretical yield is the quantity of product obtained when the limiting reagent reacts completely, hence it is necessary to identify the limiting reagent in order to compute the percentage yield of a reaction.To learn more about limiting reagent with the given link
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Which equation agrees with the ideal gas law?
StartFraction V subscript 1 over T subscript 1 EndFraction equals StartFraction V subscript 2 over T subscript 2 EndFraction.
V subscript 1 n subscript 1 equals V subscript 2 n subscript 2.
P subscript 1 n subscript 1 equals P subscript 2 n subscript 2.
StartFraction P subscript 1 over P subscript 2 EndFraction equals StartFraction T subscript 2 over T subscript 1.
The equation that agrees with the ideal gas law is as follows: StartFraction V subscript 1 over T subscript 1 EndFraction equals StartFraction V subscript 2 over T subscript 2 EndFraction (option A).
What is ideal gas law?Ideal gas law in physics is the equation of state of an ideal gas, which is a gas whose molecules do not interact or collide.
The equation of the ideal gas law is as follows:
PV = nRT
This equation shows that the volume is directly proportional to the volume of the gas.
Therefore, the equation that agrees with the ideal gas law is as follows: StartFraction V subscript 1 over T subscript 1 EndFraction equals StartFraction V subscript 2 over T subscript 2 EndFraction.
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option A, v1/t1 = v2/t2
Hurricanes derive their energy from: Group of answer choices the latent heat of condensation. the latent heat of fusion. the latent heat of sublimation. the latent heat of vaporization.
Hurricanes derive their energy from the Latent heat of condensation.
Hence, Option (1) is correct answer.
What is Latent Heat ?The heat that is released or absorbed during a phase change of a substance is known as Latent heat.
What is Hurricanes ?Hurricanes is basically a type of storm called a tropical cyclone. These are intense low pressure areas. Hurricanes derive their energy from the latent heat of CONDENSATION.
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that Hurricanes derive their energy from the Latent heat of condensation.
Hence, Option (1) is correct answer.
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The first word in the name of an ester is derived from the ________ used in the esterification.
The first word in the name of an ester is derived from the alcohol used in the esterification.
What is esterification?Esterification is a chemical process where an organic acid with the formula is combined with an alcohol molecule having the chemical formula (ROH).
The process of esterification is known to produce an ester molecule and during this phenomenon is released water (H2O).
An example of an esterification reaction occurs when ethanoic acid (i.e., the active ingredient of vinegar) can react with C2H5OH (i.e., ethanol) in order to form the ethyl ethanoate molecule, which is a well-known ester molecule.
In conclusion, the first word in the name of an ester is derived from the Alcohol used in the esterification.
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In a certain reaction, 27.3 g of iron reacts with 45.8 g of oxygen. What is the limiting reactant?
The limiting reactant for the reaction between 27.3 g of iron and 45.8 g of oxygen is iron
Balanced equationWe'll begin by writing the balanced equation for the reaction between iron and oxygen. This is given below:
4Fe + 3O₂ --> 2Fe₂O₃
Molar mass of Fe = 56 g/mol
Mass of Fe from the balanced equation = 4 × 56 = 224 g
Molar mass of O₂ = 16 × 2 = 32 g/mol
Mass of O₂ from the balanced equation = 3 × 32 = 96 g
SUMMARY
From the balanced equation above,
224 g of Fe reacted with 96 g of O₂
How to determine the limiting reactantThe limiting reactant can be obtain as illustrated below:
From the balanced equation above,
224 g of Fe reacted with 96 g of O₂
Therefore,
27.3 g of Fe will react with = (27.3 × 96) / 224 = 11.7 g of O₂
From the calculation above, we can see that only 11.7 g of O₂ out of 45.8 g given is required to react completely with 27.3 g of Fe.
Thus, Fe is the limiting reactant.
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A student dissolves a mass of ammonium nitrate in water and notices that the temperature of the mixture decreases by
2.7 °C. The student concludes that the process of dissolving ammonium nitrate is
The conclusion of the student would be that the dissolution of ammonium nitrate is endothermic.
What are endothermic reactions?They are reactions in which heat is absorbed from the surrounding. The consequence is that the reaction mixture's temperature is always lower.
Thus, the energy of the products is always higher than the energy of the reactants in endothermic reactions.
For endothermic reactions, the enthalpy change is always positive.
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