The Kettlewell and Haldane case study is a well-known example of industrial melanism in moths. The concept of industrial melanism occurs when a population of an organism acquires dark colorations to better fit in with the surroundings.
Kettlewell and Haldane did their research in the 1950s in England. They investigated the peppered moth, a type of insect with two colour morphs - a bright and a dark version. The light variant of the moth predominated in England. But, when industrial pollution increased in some regions, the black variety of the moth became more widespread.
Kettlewell and Haldane conducted a series of tests to evaluate the notion that the moths' black colour was caused by natural selection. They released bright and dark coloured moths into a contaminated environment in the first experiment. The black moths were found to be more likely to survive than the light ones. They released light and dark moths into an unpolluted region in the second trial. The light moths were more likely to survive this time.
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Many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by ___________ which are assembled from a diverse class of proteins.
Many cell in organelles, are most notably the type of nucleus, which are anchored with intermediate filaments and are assembled using a diverse type of class any proteins.
The intermediate filaments that anchor numerous cellular organelles, most notably the nucleus, are built from a wide range of protein classes. Proteins dimerize into microtubules at centrosomes.
The nucleus and other organelles are anchored in place by tension-bearing intermediate filaments. Microtubules assist the cell in resisting compression, act as vesicle-moving pathways for motor proteins, and pull replicated chromosomes to the opposite ends of dividing cells.
Vimentin and keratin filaments both bind to the nuclear envelope, positioning and securing the nucleus within the cell, it appears. Additionally, intermediate filaments can form associations with actin filaments, microtubules, and other cytoskeleton components in addition to the plasma membrane.
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What is found in the space between the two pleural layers? a. heart b. lung c. pleural fluid d. thoracic wall e. visceral pleura
The pleural fluid is found between the space between the two pleural layers, option C.
What is the role of pleural fluid?Pleural fluid is a thin layer of liquid that is found between the two pleural layers (the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura) in the pleural cavity of the lung.
This fluid acts as a lubricant and helps to reduce friction between the two pleural layers as they move against each other during breathing. In healthy individuals, the amount of pleural fluid is usually small and does not cause any problems.
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[TRUE or FALSE] : the iliacus is the muscle that can be found superficial to the iliac fossa.
Biologists often use the term energy source as a synonym for "electron donor." Why?
Potential energy necessary for the synthesis of ATP is provided by an electron donor. According to the literature, bacteria and archaea's astounding metabolic variety allows for their incredible ecological diversity.
What does the respiration's electron donor look like?The final acceptor inside the electron transport cycle is oxygen. The gradient in protons within the intermembrane gap is produced by NADH molecules, which provide electrons to be transferred through a number of proteins.
What is a electron donor in biology?Electron donors are ions and compounds that act as reducing agents by donating electrons. Hydrogen atoms give an oxygen atom was one their electrons when they mix with gaseous oxygen to make water (H2O).
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Match the vocabulary terms to their definitions.
Answer:
1. Activation energy is the energy needed to start a reaction.
2. A substrate is a substance that binds to a protein. It is the substance a protein "acts" on.
3. A catalyst is a protein that speeds up reactions. Catalysts lower the activation energy of a reaction, allowing the reaction to occur faster.
4. A product is a substance formed by a chemical reaction. In a chemical reaction, you have the reactants which are the substances you start with, and the products, which are the substances that are created.
what is the basic structure of the plasma membrane?
The phospholipid bilayer, which creates a permanent barrier between two aqueous compartments, is the membrane's basic structural component.
What's the plasma membrane's fundamental make-up, exactly?The phospholipid bilayer that makes up the plasma membrane has hydrophobic tails and polar heads that face each other to repel water. To selectively assist the flow of particles across the membrane, proteins are inserted in the membrane.
What are the fundamental composition and purpose of the plasma membrane?All cells have a cell membrane, also known as a plasma membrane, which separates the interior of the cell from the external environment. A semipermeable lipid bilayer makes up the cell membrane. The cell membrane controls how materials entering and and exiting the cell.
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What is included in the Web of Science core collection?
A database of scholarly literature is included in the Web of Science core collection.
A database of academic literature called the Web of Science Core Collection contains works from a variety of academic fields, including the social sciences, humanities, arts, and sciences. It is a portion of Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science platform.
The Web of Science Core Collection contains a number of different citation databases, including the Science Citation Index, the Social Sciences Citation Index, and the Arts & Humanities Citation Index. These databases offer bibliographic information, abstracts, and references and cover a wide range of scientific journals, conference proceedings, and books.
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state why dna strands must be separated prior to replication.
Regarding DNA replication, Watson and Crick themselves had specific theories that were based on the molecular makeup of the DNA molecule.
What is DNA replication?The researchers, in particular, proposed that replication proceeds in a "semiconservative" manner. The two original DNA strands, or the two complementary halves of the double helix, separate during replication, according to the semiconservative replication.
Each strand then acts as a template for a new DNA strand, resulting in each newly synthesized double helix being made up of one old (or original) and one new DNA strand.
Conceptually, the complementary nature of the DNA double helix and the fact that adenine always mates with thymine made semiconservative replication make sense.
Therefore, Regarding DNA replication, Watson and Crick themselves had specific theories that were based on the molecular makeup of the DNA molecule.
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Cross a blue fish (BB) with a yellow fish (B'B'). Color code
the Punnett square based on the resulting phenotypes if
these fish follow the incomplete dominance inheritance
pattern.
A blue fish (BB) and a yellow fish (B'B') are crossed, and this is an incomplete inheritance, so all the offspring in F1 will show green color, and when these two cross (BB'), then blue, green, and yellow offspring will form.
What is the incomplete dominance of fish?Here the dominant color is blue and the recessive color is yellow, as the heterozygous fish will produce green color, so in F1, all offspring will be green, and when they are crossed, in F2, all three colors, green, yellow, and blue, will produce. The punnet square is below
Hence, a blue fish (BB) and a yellow fish (B'B') are crossed, and this is an incomplete inheritance, so all the offspring in F1 will show green color, and when these two cross (BB'), then blue, green, and yellow offspring will form.
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What is the basic structure of the plasma membrane?
The basic structure of the plasma membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
What do you mean by plasma?
Plasma is a state of matter in which atoms are broken down into their constituent parts, resulting in a highly charged, ionized gas. It is the fourth state of matter after solid, liquid, and gas. Examples of plasma include the sun and stars, lightning, and fluorescent light bulbs.
The plasma membrane is a thin, selective barrier that separates the interior of a cell from the external environment. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins. The phospholipid bilayer is made up of two layers of phospholipids, which are amphiphilic molecules with a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails. The hydrophilic heads of the phospholipids face outwards, towards the aqueous environment, while the hydrophobic tails face each other and form the interior of the membrane. Embedded proteins are scattered throughout the membrane and serve various functions, including transport, signal transduction, and cell recognition.
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Elements of the same group have similar valance shell electronic configuration. Hence they exhibit similar chemical properties. But elements of the same period have different valencies. Comment on the above statement.
Elements of the same group have similar valance shell electronic configuration. Hence they exhibit similar chemical properties. But elements of the same period have different valences corresponding to different chemical properties.
The purpose of the periodic table is to keep elements with related properties together. However, they don't always have the same characteristics. For instance, hydrogen atoms have an electronic configuration that is comparable to that of alkaline metals, yet they are gases, which is a characteristic of noble gases.
Because they all have the same amount of electrons in their outermost orbitals, the elements in a group have the same valence shell electrical configuration. They can thus combine with other elements so as to complete their shells and form compounds varying to different properties.
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Chemical bonds hold together the atoms that make up a molecule. Molecules may also be attached to one another by chemical bonds. The figure shows how hydrogen bonds attach water molecules to other water molecules.Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.HelpResetpolar covalent bondhydrogen bondnegativehydrogenionic bondpositiveoxygen1. A water molecule consists of one oxygen atom joined to each of two hydrogen atoms by a(n) ____, a type of bond in which the electrons do not spend equal time with the two atoms involved.2. Because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, the electrons in a water molecule spend more time closer to _____.3. The unequal distribution of electrons means that each of the three atoms in a water molecule has a ____. This makes water a polar molecule.4. The oxygen of a water molecule has a partial ____ charge.5. Each hydrogen in a water molecule has a partial ____ charge.6. A weak bond called a(n) _____ forms as a result of the attraction between the slightly positive hydrogen of one water molecule and the slightly negative oxygen of a nearby water molecule.
One oxygen atom is joined to each of the water molecules, which are made up of two hydrogen atoms, through a(n) polar covalent bond, a sort of connection in which the electrons do not spend equal time with the two atoms involved.
A water molecule can form bonds with substances other than other water molecules?
A water molecule contains two hydrogen atoms. With the oxygen atoms of various water molecules, both of these atoms are capable of forming hydrogen bonds. Each water molecule has a maximum hydrogen bonding capacity of three. Each water molecule can form four hydrogen bonds: two between its hydrogen atoms and those of its neighbors, plus two additional hydrogen atoms.
As a straightforward physical two-body system that produced several straightforward closed-form analytical solutions, the hydrogen atom is particularly significant in quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.
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Which is the correct order of the steps in a generalized signal transduction pathway? a. Signal molecule enters nucleus, signal molecule binds to DNA, transcription of specific genes occurs b. Signal molecule binds to extracellular region of receptor, signal molecule diffuses through cell membrane, signal is transduced to nucleus where specific genes are turned on or off c. Signal molecule activates target cell, target cell binds to receptor
a. Signal molecules attach to receptors, internal cell molecules translate the signal, and the cell reacts.
What is the signal transduction procedure?The process by which an extracellular messenger binds to a cell surface receptor and is translated into modifications in cellular biology, biochemistry, and transcriptional regulation that enable the cell to respond to a information it has just received is known as signal transduction.
What are the four main signaling types, and what are their respective targets?Recptor-ligand contact and signaling engagement is the key are divided into four categories based on the origin of the ligand (from the same cell, from a nearby cell, or from a distance): autocrine, endocrine, paracrine, and juxtacrine.
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What do you call a symbiotic interaction where one benefits and the other is unharmed but does not benefit in the interaction?
Answer:
Commensalism
Explanation:
Two students worked together to create a bohr model of a sodium atom. When creating this model they realized the valence shell only has one electron and does not meet the octet rule. They began to argue about how this atom will become an ion. Student a noted the atom would most likely become a negative ion because it will gain an electron to gain stability. Student b noted the atom would become a positive ion because it will lose an electron to gain stability.
Both students have a good understanding of the concept of ions and the octet rule. Student A is correct in noting that sodium atoms tend to form negative ions by gaining an electron to achieve a full valence shell of eight electrons.
This is because sodium has just one electron in its valence shell, which makes it highly reactive and unstable. In order to achieve stability, sodium atoms will tend to gain an electron to form a negative ion with a full valence shell, which is more energetically favorable.
Student B is also partially correct in that sodium atoms can become positive ions by losing an electron. This occurs in certain chemical reactions where sodium atoms interact with other elements and form cations (positively charged ions).
However, it is less common for sodium atoms to form positive ions because sodium has a high electron affinity, which means that it is more likely to gain an electron than to lose one.
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in the capillary bed, which pressure favors fluid reabsoprtion?a) blood colloid osmotic pressure b) blood hydrostatic pressure c) interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressured) interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
In the capillary bed, the 'interstitial fluid osmotic pressure' favors fluid reabsorption.
What exactly do you mean by reabsorption?
Reabsorption is the process by which certain molecules, ions, and other substances are selectively taken back up into the cell or tissue from which they originated. This process is important in the maintenance of homeostasis and is often seen in the kidneys, where waste products are reabsorbed in order to prevent them from being eliminated from the body.
Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure is the pressure created by the concentration of solutes in the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary. This pressure is created by the diffusion of solutes from the capillary lumen, and it helps to drive the reabsorption of fluid from the capillary bed back into the circulation. The higher the concentration of solutes in the interstitial fluid, the greater the osmotic pressure, and the more efficiently fluid is reabsorbed.
Hence, option D is correct.
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which contributes most in supporting life on the deep ocean floor?
While there are many factors that contribute to supporting life on the deep ocean floor, one could argue that chemosynthesis is the most important.
Chemosynthesis is a process by which certain bacteria and archaea use chemical energy, rather than sunlight, to produce organic compounds from inorganic molecules. In the deep ocean, chemosynthetic bacteria and archaea form the base of many food webs, providing a critical source of energy for larger organisms. These bacteria and archaea can use a variety of energy sources, including hydrogen sulfide, methane, and ammonia, which are all abundant in the deep ocean.
One of the most well-known examples of a deep-sea ecosystem that relies on chemosynthesis is hydrothermal vents. These vents are located on the ocean floor, where tectonic activity allows hot water and minerals to spew out of the Earth's crust. The water is rich in sulfides and other inorganic compounds, which support dense communities of bacteria, tube worms, and other organisms that rely on chemosynthesis.
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what is gross primary productivity
The rate at which solar energy is captured in sugar molecules during photosynthesis is referred to as gross primary productivity, or GPP (energy captured per unit area per unit time).
Plants, for example, use some of this energy for metabolism/cellular respiration and some for growth (building tissues). The total amount of carbon compounds produced by photosynthesis in an ecosystem over a specific time period.
Terrestrial GPP is a series of complex processes carried out by photosynthetic organisms that result in the conversion of light energy and water into chemical energy and the subsequent biochemical fixation of carbon dioxide into sugars.
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if the plant morphs you study are going to respond to natural selection, they much vary in phenotype, and this variation must be heritable. This variation must also result in differences in relative fitness among the morphs. For example, the size of leaves a plant produces could affect relative fitness by determining how much energy a particular plant collects. The amount of energy collected would affect investment in reproduction. Leaf size is a measurable trait. Below, suggest three other measurable plant traits that could affect relative fitness and explain them briefly.
Three measurable plant traits that could affect relative fitness are stem length, root depth, and seed size.
How might stem length affect a plant's relative fitness?Stem length could affect a plant's relative fitness by determining how much light the plant is able to capture. Taller stems can allow a plant to outcompete nearby plants for access to light, but they may also require more resources to grow and support, which could reduce investment in other aspects of the plant's physiology.
How might root depth affect a plant's relative fitness?Root depth could affect a plant's relative fitness by determining how well the plant is able to access nutrients and water in the soil. Deeper roots may be able to access more nutrients and water, but they may also require more energy to grow and maintain. In some environments, plants with shallower roots may be able to grow more quickly and reproduce more successfully than plants with deeper roots.
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what options do butterflies have for regulating their body temperature
Butterflies are ectothermic, meaning that their body temperature is mostly controlled by their surroundings. They can sunbathe in the sun, shiver their wings, and change their metabolic rate.
What is their method of cooling off?Veins and fragrance patches are examples of living structures found on butterfly wings. When compared to the surroundings, these structures produce greater heat. When the insect tans in the sun, this aids in keeping the veins and patches cool.
What temperature is ideal for butterflies?When the temperature is between 80 and 100 degrees Fahrenheit, butterflies are particularly active. On the other hand, when temperatures drop too low, butterflies are unable to contract the muscles necessary for flight. Most butterflies cannot fly until the temperature is at least 65 degrees Fahrenheit.
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what structure is used to help count the number of chromosomes?
The structure is used to help count the numbers of chromosomes is the centromere. which divides the chromosome into two sections, or arms.
What is centromere and its function?Centromere The centromere appears as a constricted region of a chromosome and plays a key role in helping the cell divide up its DNA during division (mitosis and meiosis). Specifically, it is the region where the cell's spindle fibers attach.
What is a centromere example?In holocentric chromosomes centromeric proteins, such as CENPA (CenH3) are spread over the whole chromosome. The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, is a well-known example of an organism with holocentric chromosomes, but this type of centromere can be found in various species, plants, and animals, across eukaryotes.
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According to the endosymbiosis theory, what are the origins of the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria? a) Both the inner and outer membranes are derived from the host cell that engulfed the bacterium. b) Both the inner and outer membranes are derived from the original bacterium that was engulfed by the host bacterium. c) The outer membrane is derived from the original bacterium, and the inner membrane is derived from the host cell that engulfed the bacterium by endocytosis. d) The inner membrane is derived from the original bacterium, and the outer membrane is derived from the host cell that engulfed the bacterium by endocytosis.
According to the endosymbiosis idea, where do the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria get their start.
The substance for both the inner and outer membranes came from the host cell that the bacteria was swallowed by.According to the endosymbiotic hypothesis, mitochondria (and chloroplasts) came from specialised bacteria that managed to evade endocytosis by another species of prokaryote or another type of cell and incorporated into the cytoplasm. These bacteria were most likely purple nonsulfur bacteria.
Chloroplasts and mitochondria divide via binary fission and are the same size as prokaryotic cells. Instead of being linear, the DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts is circular.
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what procedure would a client diagnosed with atrial fibrillation have which creates heat scars to block abnormal electrical signals in the heart?
Ablation is a treatment for atrial fibrillation. It causes scarring on the interior of the heart by using minor burns or freezes to help break up the electrical signals that cause irregular heartbeats.
This can aid in the heart's ability to maintain a regular cardiac rhythm. A maze treatment is a type of cardiac surgery that is used to treat AFib, or atrial fibrillation. The treatment inhibits aberrant impulses while allowing normal cardiac signals to pass through by forming a precise pattern (maze) of scar tissue. A maze method has an 80 to 90% success rate. It may take a month or more to recover.
The atria do not contract in atrial fibrillation, and the atrioventricular (AV) conduction system is inundated with multiple electrical impulses, resulting in inconsistent impulse transmission and an irregular heartbeat.
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Scientists discovered a 375-million-year-old fossil in Canada. The diagram below shows the top and side views of the fossil. Which observation would BEST support the hypothesis that this organism was a transitional form between amphibians and fish?
a. the fossil was discovered near a lake, which shows that the organism needed water to reproduce, as do amphibians and fish
b. the fossil has a long body, which both modern amphibians and modern fish have
c. the fossil has some body structures that are similar to amphibians and some body structures that are similar to fish
d. the fossil is larger than most modern amphibians, but smaller than most ancient fish
The right answer, according to the stated statement, is that both contemporary fish and amphibians have lengthy bodies.
What species of animals are amphibians?The class of cold-blooded vertebrates known as amphibians includes, but is not limited to, frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (wormlike animals with poorly developed eyes).
Turtles are not amphibians, so why?A tortoise is a reptile, not an actual amphibian. A turtle can live on land or in water, but both environments need it to have a protective shell around its whole body, including its dorsal carapace and ventral plastron. True amphibians do not have protective shells as a distinguishing trait.
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Where are the organs in the abdominal regions?
The abdominal region of the body is the area between the chest and pelvis, and it contains many vital organs that play important roles in digestion, metabolism, and waste elimination.
The organs located in the abdominal region can be broadly divided into two categories: the digestive organs and the accessory organs. The digestive organs include the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. These organs work together to break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste.
The accessory organs include the spleen, kidneys, and adrenal glands. While not directly involved in digestion, these organs play important roles in regulating the body's metabolism and maintaining homeostasis.
The abdominal organs are located within a protective structure called the abdominal cavity, which is lined by a thin membrane called the peritoneum. The abdominal cavity is surrounded by a layer of muscle called the abdominal wall, which helps to protect and support the organs within it.
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how to bruise formed by collection of blood at the puncture site?
If the individual taking the blood doesn't put sufficient pressure upon this insertion site once the syringe is removed, this could also result in a bruise.
Is a bruise after having blood drawn typical?After getting your blood drawn, some bruising is typical. When a blood artery is injured, blood leaks into the tissue beneath your skin, resulting in a bruise. Blood clots typically result in a coloration that is deeper than the skin surrounding.
What is the name for blood bruises?The medical name for bruises is "ecchymosis." When blood collects beneath your skin, they develop. A blood vessel burst is what causes them. Bruises appear as a mark on the skin that ranges in color from red to purple or black and blue.
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Which of the following is a benefit of multicellularity compared to organisms consisting of just one cell?A. All cells in a multicellular organism can perform all metabolic functions, thus maximizing metabolism.B. Single-celled organisms can grow to larger sizes than multicellular organisms.C. Single-celled organisms can form tissues.D. Single-celled organisms are simpler and thus less likely to experience breakdown or disease.E. Populations of cells in a multicellular body can be specialized for specific functions.
All cells in a multicellular organism can perform all metabolic functions, thus maximizing metabolism.
In contrast to unicellular organisms, multicellular organisms are made up of many cells. A few creatures, like slime moulds and social amoebae like those in the genus Dictyostelium, are partially uni- and partially multicellular organisms. They include all species of mammals, land plants, most fungi, and many algae.
Multicellular organisms are significantly larger in both size and complexity and intricateness of their structure and composition. Multicellular organisms include, but are not limited to, humans, animals, plants, and insects.
Multicellular organisms are those that include several cells. The nature of multicellular creatures is said to be complex. as they are composed of numerous different cell types.
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Carbohydrates are used in cells for structural purposes and as an energy source. What is the main type of carbohydrate contained in each of the following? 1. Potato as food 2. Fruit as food 3. Stored human energy 4. Human blood sugar.
1. starch 2. fructose 3. glycogen 4. glucose
The main type of carbohydrate contained in each of the following are:
1. starch
2. fructose
3. glycogen
4. glucose
Numerous functions are carried out by carbohydrates in living things. Starch and glycogen are two examples of polysaccharides that act as both structural elements and energy stores (e.g. cellulose in plants and chitin in arthropods). The 5-carbon monosaccharide ribose serves as the building block of the genetic material RNA and is a crucial component of coenzymes (such as ATP, FAD, and NAD).
Deoxyribose, a similar compound, is a part of DNA. Many additional significant macromolecules, including as those involved in the immune system, fertilization, preventing pathogenesis, blood clotting, and development, are found in saccharides and their derivatives. The main component of nutrition, carbohydrates can be found in both natural and processed meals.
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Which of the following statements is not a description of Earth's moon?
The moon has a very thin atmosphere.
The moon has some of the oldest rocks in the solar system.
The moon's rotation is the same as its revolution.
The moon has the same temperature all around.
Answer: The moon has the same temperature all around
Explanation:
Answer:
D
Explanation:
The moon has the same temperature all around.
when the pollen grains from one anther stick to the stigma on the same flower or another flower on the same plant called?
Self-pollination occurs when pollen from a single anther adheres to the stigma of the same bloom or another flower on the same plant.
Give an illustration of what self-pollination is.The pollen grains move during this procedure from the stigma of the same or a genetically related flower. Sunflowers, peas, peanuts, oats, peaches, potatoes, wheat, and other legumes, among others, exhibit self-pollination.
What separates self-pollination from cross-pollination?Pollen grains are transferred from anthers to stigmas of flowers in a process known as self-pollination when it occurs between flowers of the same plant. Cross-pollination is the process by which pollen grains are moved between the blooms of several members of the same species of plant.
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