Answer:
c- lignin
Explanation:
A model cell with damaged DNA was created to explain the importance of checkpoints in a cell cycle. The G2 checkpoint accidentally failed to work during experimentation. What do you think is the likely consequence of this failure?
If the G2 phase accidentally failed to work during experimentation. The cell continued to divide uncontrollably to create more damaged cells.
G2 phase also known as growth 2 phase is the shortest phase of interphase. It is at this time that the proteins and organelles needed for cell division are created. To divide the cell in half and separate the chromosomes, the cell needs a lot of proteins and other materials. During G2/M, phospholipid metabolism ceases The G2 phase is when the organism checks to make sure that any newly formed cells are healthy. The following factors are checked at G2 phase:1. DNA damage: Particular proteins gather at the locations of DNA breaks. The cell won't divide if these proteins are present.
2. DNA replication: If not all DNA strands have been fully duplicated during DNA replication, the cell will stop dividing.
3. Evaluation of the state of the cell: Enough proteins, organelles, and other structures must be present.
Thus if the G2 phase gets damaged then the cell will divide uncontrollably to create more damaged cells.
learn more about G2 phase here: https://brainly.com/question/14797130
#SPJ1
How do dying stars contribute to the formation of plants
Which observation is not evdience that helped identify sodium a s the early current of the action potentioa?
a. The current declined when there was decreased driving force on sodium fluxes.b. The current disappeared near the Nernst potential for sodium.c. The early current was blocked by tetrodotoxin.d. The early current was unaffected by tetraethylammonium.e. When the late current was blocked, the reversal potential of the inward current shifted to a negative membrane potential.
Option e: When the late current was blocked, the reversal potential of the inward current shifted to a negative membrane potential. This observation is not an evidence that helped identify sodium a s the early current of the action potential.
Reversal potential is the potential at which the current reverses direction: it changes from positive to negative.
During a typical action potential, the small resting ion conductance mediated by potassium channels is overwhelmed by the opening of numerous Na+ (sodium ion) channels.
This brings the membrane potential towards the reversal potential of sodium.
To learn more about Reverse potential ,here
brainly.com/question/2159363
#SPJ4
An environment that provides only one or few nutrient sources usually harbors a microbial community with ______ species richness, while an environment rich in many different nutrient sources usually harbors a microbial community with ___________ species richness.
An environment that provides only one or few nutrient sources usually harbors a microbial community with low species richness, while an environment rich in many different nutrient sources usually harbors a microbial community with high species richness.
what is a microbial community ?
Microorganisms that live together in a common environment are known as microbial communities. The microbial populations that make up the community can interact in a variety of ways, such as as symbionts or predators and prey.
The variety of species present in an ecological community, landscape, or area is known as its species richness. The number of species is all that is considered when measuring species richness.
Learn more about microbial communities here:-
https://brainly.com/question/25568951
#SPJ4
Microsatellite instability and mismatch repair protein expressions in lymphocyte-predominant breast cancer
A Final statement or concluding statement
Despite common clinical anticipation that many patients would respond to immune-checkpoint inhibitors, the frequency of microsatellite instability (MSI) is reportedly exceedingly low in breast cancer (ICI).
Given that some triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) responded well to ICI in a clinical trial and that a high density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is frequently observed in other cancers with high levels of microsatellite instability (MSI-H), we hypothesized that some TNBC with a high density of TILs would be MSI-H.
TILs are abundant in medullary carcinoma of the breast (MedCa), an uncommon histological form. Given that MedCa in the colon is frequently MSI-H, we predicted that MedCa in breast cancer would also include MSI-H tumors.
To learn more about Breast Cancer from the given link
https://brainly.com/question/6747562
#SPJ4
what element DOES NOT make up amino acids
The elements that make up amino acids are as follows:
NitrogenHydrogenOxygen CarbonWhat is an amino acid?Amino acid is the basic and structural unit of polypeptides and proteins.
The amino acid has a general structure made up of the following:
Amine group = NH2Carboxyl group = COOHR groupTherefore, it can be said that the elements that make up amino acids are as follows:
NitrogenHydrogenOxygen CarbonLearn more about amino acids at: https://brainly.com/question/14583479
#SPJ1
The concentration of cholesterol (C27H46O) in blood is approximately 5.0mM. How many grams of cholesterol are in 315mL of blood
The weight of cholesterol is 0.6 g.
Here use the concept of molarity.
What is molarity?
The amount of a substance in a specific volume of solution is known as its molarity (M). The moles of a solute per liter of a solution is known as molarity.
Molarity = no. of moles/volume (in L)
Calculation:Given,
Molarity, M = 5.0 mM = 5 × 10⁻³ M
Volume, V = 315 mL = 315 × 10⁻³ L
To calculate,
Weight of cholesterol =?
We know that,
Molecular mass of cholesterol, C₂₇H₄₆O = 386
No. of moles = weight/ molecular mass
The formula is modified as,
Molarity = weight of cholesterol/ (molecular mass) (Volume)
Put the values in the formula,
5 × 10⁻³ = weight of cholesterol/ (386) (315 × 10⁻³)
Weight of cholesterol = 5 × 10⁻³ (386) (315 × 10⁻³)
= 0.6 g
Hence, the weight of cholesterol is 0.6 g.
Learn more about molarity here:
https://brainly.com/question/13386686
#SPJ4
The capital city of arizona is phoenix. what kind of phrase are the bolded words? infinitive phrase noun phrase adjective phrase adverb phrase
The bolded word "of Arizona" is regarded as a noun phrase.
What is a noun phrase?A nouns phrase refers to a string of words that contain a noun but does not make a complete meaning. In this case, the noun is found to function in the sentence as a prepositional object.
We know that there are eight parts of speech in the English language and the noun is part of the eight parts of speech which add meaning to a sentence that we make.
Thus, the bolded word "of Arizona" is regarded as a noun phrase.
Learn more about noun phrase:https://brainly.com/question/11392808
#SPJ1
Proinflammatory cytokines differentially regulate adipocyte mitochondrial metabolism, oxidative stress, and dynamics
Different proinflammatory cytokines control the dynamics, oxidative stress, and metabolism of adipocyte mitochondria.
Insulin resistance, the precursor of type 2 diabetes mellitus, has been mechanistically related to macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue and continuous low-grade generation of inflammatory cytokines. In this investigation, we used the 3T3-L1 model cell system to assess the long-term effects of TNF, IL-6, and IL-1 on adipocyte mitochondrial metabolism and morphology. An increase in proton leak, a decrease in membrane potential, an increase in basal respiration, and a decrease in ATP turnover were all caused by the TNF treatment of cultured adipocytes. While IL-6 and IL-1 lowered maximum respiratory capacity, they exhibited different impacts on ATP turnover, proton leak, and baseline respiration and had no effect on membrane potential.
Only TNF treatment increased oxidative stress (as indicated by protein carbonylation and superoxide anion generation) and C16 ceramide formation in 3T3-L1 cells. When 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with cytokines, the mRNA expression of several important transcription factors and regulatory proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, including PGC1 and eNOS, as well as COXIV and Cyt CCyt C, was reduced. TNF solely caused mitochondrial fragmentation, lowered the total level of Opa1 while increased Opa1 cleavage, and had no influence on the expression of levels of mitofusin 2, DRP1, or mitofilin. Each cytokine had effects on the expression of mitochondrial markers. Overall, our findings show that inflammatory cytokines affect adipocyte metabolism differently and specifically, although they all result in reduced mitochondrial activity and a re-programming of fat cell biology.
Learn more about cytokine here:
https://brainly.com/question/14308447
#SPJ4
Type up your dichotomous key and answer the following questions:
Why did you choose the five identifying characteristics you used in your dichotomous key?
Was the person who you gave your key to able to accurately identify the fruit? Explain why or why not.
What two other fruits could your dichotomous key work for?
What other category of items could you create a dichotomous key for?
My dichotomous key are;
Is it fresh.Does it have an even taste.Does it have any seed.Is it soft and fluffy.Are they greenWas the person who you gave your key to able to accurately identify the fruit?Yes, and it is known to be an apple fruit.
What two other fruits could your dichotomous key work for?It could be used for a pear or a straw berry.
What other category of items could you create a dichotomous key for?I can create for a bird and animals.
What is a Dichotomous Key?This is known to be a method used to know a species by answering a number of questions that is set based on some likely features (such as physical characteristics)
Learn more about dichotomous key from
https://brainly.com/question/1726339
#SPJ1
HELP ASAPPPP!!!! PLEASEEEE
While sitting on a picnic blanket at the park, Sami didn't notice ants swarming around her feet and repeatedly biting her. She became very itchy and uncomfortable. Now each time she goes to the park for a picnic, she becomes itchy and uncomfortable. What is feeling itchy and uncomfortable just by going to the park in this scenario?
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
Answer:
C: Conditioned stimulus
Explanation:
Conditioned Stimulus is feeling itchy and uncomfortable just by going to the park in this scenario. So, the correct option is (C).
What is Conditioned Stimulus?A conditioned stimulus is a stimulus which can be eventually trigger a conditioned response. It is a type of learned stimulus which can eventually trigger a conditioned response.
It is repeatedly associated with an unconditioned stimulus until it acquires the ability to elicit a response which previously did not occur. In Pavlov's experiment, the sound of the bell served as the conditioned stimulus, while the salivation of the dog served as the conditioned response.
A substitute stimulus known as a conditioned stimulus causes an organism to respond in the same way which an unconditioned stimulus does.
Thus, conditioned Stimulus is feeling itchy and uncomfortable just by going to the park in this scenario. So, the correct option is (C).
Learn more about Conditioned Stimulus, here:
brainly.com/question/14153176
#SPJ2
22. Robert Hooke, a French scientist, published Micrographia in which he described many
of his microscopic observations.
a. True b. False
Answer: false
Explanation:
Benign ____________________ is an abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland that most often occurs in men older than age 50.
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA(BPH) is the most common prostate problem for men older than age 50.
What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?As men age, a condition known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or enlargement of the prostate gland, becomes more prevalent. Uncomfortable urinary symptoms, such as a bladder blockage, might be brought on by an enlarged prostate gland. It may also result in issues with the kidneys, urinary system, or bladder.
Prostate gland enlargement can be effectively treated with a variety of drugs, minimally invasive therapies, and surgical procedures. Your symptoms, the size of your prostate, any additional medical conditions you may have, and your preferences will all be taken into account when deciding which choice is best for you.
To learn more about cancer with the help of the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/17598777
#SPJ4
Transgression of the Kaskaskia sea promoted reef formation in what is today Western Canada; which of the following statements is NOT true about these reefs.
The statement which is not true about the reefs is that they contain dinosaur fossils
What are reefs?Reefs simply refers to chain of rocks or coral near the surface of water
Some few examples of reefs are as follows:
Rainbow reefRed sea coral reefSo therefore, the statement which is not true about the reefs is that they contain dinosaur fossils
Complete question:
Transgression of the Kaskaskia sea promoted reef formation in what is today Western Canada; which of the following statements is NOT true about these reefs.
A. They contain calcium carbonate
B. They contain dinosaur fossils.
Learn more about reefs:
https://brainly.com/question/10970167
#SPJ1
15) naturally occurring variations within a species are mainly the result of
a) dynamic equilibrium and sexual reproduction b) sexual reproduction and competition
c) sexual reproduction and mutations
d) mutations and competition
Answer:
d mutations and competition
More blood vessels are stimulated to ______ more than ______ because blood vessels contain more ______ receptors than ______ receptors.
More blood vessels are stimulated to vasoconstrict more than vasodilate because blood vessels contain more alpha receptors than beta receptors.
What is Vasoconstriction?
This is the process which involves the narrowing of the blood vessels through their muscle wall.
They contain more alpha receptors such as Alpha-adrenoceptor agonists than beta receptors which mimicks the effects of sympathetic adrenergic nerve activation to the blood vessels.
Read more about Vasoconstriction here https://brainly.com/question/13258282
#SPJ1
What is the final destination of acid hydrolases mannose-6-phosphate sorting signals?
A)The cell exterior
B) the lysosome
C) the early endosome
D) the late endosome
The lysosome is the final destination of acid hydrolases mannose-6-phosphate sorting signals
It only forms on proteins that are going to the lysosome. The mannose-6-phosphate receptor crosses the Golgi membrane and interacts with both the mannose-6-phosphate-containing protein on the luminal side of the membrane and coat proteins on the cytosolic side of the membrane.
Mannose-6-phosphate residues, which are detected by mannose-6-phosphate receptors in the trans-Golgi network and packaged into clathrin-coated vesicles, direct acid hydrolases to lysosomes.
These soluble lysosomal enzymes carry a distinctive identifier in the form of mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) groups, which are added only to their N-linked oligosaccharides as they transit through the lumen of the cis Golgi membrane.
To learn more about Golgi membrane please visit -
https://brainly.com/question/13194934
#SPJ1
Which process seems to be the most similar between eukaryotic and prokaryotic genetic regulation?.
Answer:
cell replication since both cells undergo cell replication and hence mitosis
Evaluation of Endoscopic Iliopsoas Tenotomy for Treatment of Iliopsoas Impingement after Total Hip Arthroplasty. Journal of Arthroplasty
Anatomically, the iliopsoas, a deep muscle group, joins the spine to the lower limbs.
Abstract:Background:
Up to 4.3 percent of patients who have total hip arthroplasty (THA) experience functional groin pain due to iliopsoas impingement. Historically, surgical treatments have included acetabulum revision or open iliopsoas tenotomies. In order to assess the effectiveness and hazards of endoscopic iliopsoas tenotomy for iliopsoas impingement following THA, we provide a sizable single surgeon series of patient cases.
Methods:
The endoscopic iliopsoas tenotomy performed on a sequential series of 60 patients with iliopsoas impingement following THA was retrospectively assessed. Complications, changes in Hip Outcome Score (HOS), and pain relief were all evaluated as outcomes. A musculoskeletal radiologist examined the radiographs to assess component placement and to contrast with a control cohort.
Results:
93.3 percent of patients reported pain relief at the most recent follow-up (mean 5.5 months). The mean of the HOS activities of daily living (ADL) subscale was 57.5 before surgery (range: 10.9-89.3, SD: 18.8), and it was 71.6 after surgery (range: 14.1-100, SD: 26.1) (P =.005). Preoperatively, the HOS sports subscale had a mean of 37.3 (range 0-83.3, SD 24.0), and postoperatively, it had a mean of 58.1 (range 0-100, SD 33.2) (P =.002). A postoperative hematoma that was treated conservatively was the only documented consequence. Iliopsoas symptoms following THA in this series were linked to body mass index and greater offset.
Conclusion:
Endoscopic iliopsoas tenotomy following THA had a low rate of complications, a 93.3 percent pain remission rate, and clinically significant improvements in HOS. Patients who have iliopsoas impingement after THA should be treated with endoscopic tenotomy.
Learn more about iliopsoas here:
https://brainly.com/question/7142509
#SPJ4
When epiphyses fuse to the diaphyses, Group of answer choices the adolescent growth spurt begins. long bone growth is slowed. the diaphyses continue to grow but the epiphyses stop growing. full adult height is attained.
When epiphyses fuse to the diaphysis, full adult height is attained.
The epiphysis is just the round end of a very long bone, which is located at the joint with the bone that is close to it (s). The metaphysis, which includes the epiphyseal plate, can be found in the long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis (the long middle region of the long bone) (growth plate). At the joint, the epiphysis is covered by articular cartilage; below a certain covering is a zone called subchondral bone that is identical to the epiphyseal plate. The epiphysis is composed of red bone marrow, which is responsible for the production of red blood cells.
There is a developing zone of cartilage that sits between a long bone's diaphysis and both of its epiphyses (the epiphyseal plate). When a child reaches skeletal maturity, which typically occurs between the ages of 18 and 25, all of the cartilage is replaced by bone, and the diaphysis and both epiphyses become fused together (epiphyseal closure). This process involves the active osteoblasts that deposit bone structural proteins replacing the hyaline cartilage that was previously present in the epiphyseal area.
Learn more about epiphysis here :
https://brainly.com/question/9227714
#SPJ4
Based on the narrow-sense heritability value of 0.4, do you think it would be worth doing this by artificial selection?
Heritablity value 0.4 is on average about 40% of the individual difference that we observe in , say shyness may in some way be attribute to genetic individual difference.
The value of hetitability always lies between 0 and F. Humans narrow sense of heritability is approximately 0.8. Heritability value measure the differences in people's genes account for differences in their trait. Traits can includes characteristics such as height, eye, color and intelligence as well as disorders like schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder.
It is measure that important genetics is to a trait. High heritabilty is near to 1 that is indicate that genetics explain lot of variation in trait and low heritability near zero which indicates the most of the variation is not genetic.
To learn more about genetics here
https://brainly.com/question/12985618
#SPJ4
The __________ of the conduction system is located in the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava.
The SA node of the conduction system is located in the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava.
Guide to the Conduction System. The sinoatrial node, which acts as the natural pacemaker in a healthy heart, is situated in the upper portion of the right atrium.The intrinsic conduction system of the heart is made up of a number of specialized cell subpopulations that either generate electrical activity on their own (pacemaker cells) or preferentially channel this stimulation throughout the four chambers of the heart in a coordinated manner.Where is the SA and AV node located?
The sinoatrial node (also known as the sinuatrial node, SA node or sinus node) is a group of cells known as pacemaker cells, located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart.
Learn more about SA and AV node
brainly.com/question/13145352
#SPJ4
explain how to use a punnett square to determine the probability of inheriting traits?
The boxes that contain the dominant allele are counted and multiplied by 100 to obtain the percentage probability of the inheritance of each trait.
What is a punnet square?The Punnet square is used in genetics to determine the percentage probability of the inheritance of each of the traits represented in the square.
The square is divided into four connected by lines the number of boxes having the dominant allele is divided by 4 and multiplied by hundred and the percentage probability of the inheritance of each of the traits is obtained.
Learn more about punnet square:https://brainly.com/question/23535291
#SPJ1
There are too manh pottasium ions inside a cell.as a result, the cell membrane expands and bursts. which problem was the cell most likely having?
The problem which led to the bursting of the cell is osmosis. This is specifically due to endosmosis which occurs because the cell failed to maintain its internal environment and thus expands and bursts.
Potassium ions are essential for cellular metabolism. Potassium ions are necessary for regulation of membrane potential and polarization and depolarization of the cell membrane. If a cell has too much potassium ions, the inside of the cell becomes hypertonic, with respect to its surrounding. This destabilizes the internal environment and leads to water entering the cell(endosmosis). As endosmosis occurs the cell starts to expand due to excessive water. This leads to expansion and tears and cracks in the cell. The further expansion of the cell leads to the bursting of the cell or lysis of the cell.
Learn more about osmosis here-
https://brainly.com/question/21395644
#SPJ4
Why did Eric Kandel get the Nobel Prize for poking sea slugs?
Aplysia cortex is exceptionally easy to study
He characterized the whole molecular genome of the aplysia, which proved invaluable for making it a model organism
He discovered the physical underpinnings of a behavior
Aplysia feature the strongest neurons in the animal kingdom
Eric Kandel get the Nobel Prize for poking sea slugs because Aplysia cortex is exceptionally easy to study.
Kandel's work with Aplysia, or more particularly, his study on the biological principles of memory preservation, earned him the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.Because of its basic neural system, which allows individual sensory neurons (which detect changes) to only create synapses with single motor neurons, the Aplysia sea slug's reflexes are frequently employed to study memory (which control muscles).The biggest benefit of Aplysia is its enormous neurons, which make it easier to conduct studies on physiology, biochemistry, and genomics at the level of individual cells and their compartments.Because Aplysia has a basic neural system with individual sensory neurons (which only sense changes) it is frequently used to investigate memory.learn more about Aplysia here: https://brainly.com/question/14441890
#SPJ1
Select the statement that is TRUE regarding metabolism. In anabolism, polysaccharides are turned into monosaccharides. In catabolism, complex carbs, proteins and other molecules are disassembled. In catabolism, glucose is combined to form a complex carbohydrate. In anabolism, complex carbs, proteins and other molecules are disassembled.
The statement " In catabolism complex carbohydrates, proteins, and other molecules are disassembled" is true.
The process by which relatively big molecules in living cells are broken down or degraded or disassembled is known as catabolism.
These big molecules like complex polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins and some other molecules can be disassembled into smaller molecules like glucose, nucleotides, amino acids etc.
Anabolism is a group of metabolic processes that builds compounds from smaller building blocks.
In simpler form
Catabolism : Complex molecules ----Disassembled----> Simple molecules
Anabolism : Simpler molecules ------Combined-----> Complex molecules
Anabolism is a productive metabolism, whereas catabolism is destructive.
Therefore, catabolism provides the chemical energy required for cell upkeep and growth.
Hence, The statement " In catabolism complex carbohydrates, proteins, and other molecules are disassembled" is true.
Learn more about metabolism here https://brainly.com/question/14422941
#SPJ1
If you cross two heterozygous yy pea plants, what proportion of the offspring will be the dominant color yellow?
If two heterozygous Yy pea plants are crossed, the proportion of offspring that will be the dominant color yellow is 75% or ¾.
What is heterozygous genotype?Heterozygous in genetics means that an organism has two different alleles of a given gene.
According to this question, a gene coding for pea color is involved. Yellow color is dominant over green.
This means that the yellow (dominant) color will be encoded by allele Y, while the green (recessive) color will be encoded by allele y.
Hence, if two heterozygous genotype crosses i.e. Yy × Yy, the offsprings will be as follows:
YY - yellow phenotype2 Yy - yellow phenotypeyy - green phenotypeTherefore, if two heterozygous Yy pea plants are crossed, the proportion of offspring that will be the dominant color yellow is 75% or ¾.
Learn more about heterozygous at: https://brainly.com/question/3258389
#SPJ1
What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes? what are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes?
Temperature, humidity and elevation are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes.
A region of land with a similar climate and comparable plant and animal communities is referred to as a terrestrial biome. Different terrestrial biomes are typically described in terms of the trees, shrubs, and grasses that inhabit them.The Terrestrial biome type is influenced by variables including latitude, humidity, and elevation:A Terrestrial biome's latitude indicates how far it is from the equator. You will find the Arctic, boreal, temperate, subtropical, and tropical biomes as you move from the poles to the equatorThe amount of water in the air is known as humidity. Humid air is defined as having a high concentration of water vapor. The biomes will be referred to as semi-humid, semi-arid, or arid as we move away from the most humid environment (the driest).Elevation refers to the elevation of land above sea level. It becomes chilly.
learn more about terrestrial biomes here: https://brainly.com/question/13729959
#SPJ4
Which season will the northern hemisphere experience when the axis of earth is tilted towards the sun
The summer season will be experienced by northern hemisphere when the axis of earth is tilted towards the sun.
What is Summer?This season is usually the hottest and it experiences more daylight hours than dark hours.
The hot atmospheric condition is as a result of the earth facing the sun thereby increasing its exposure to heat from it.
Read more about Summer here https://brainly.com/question/4172420
#SPJ1
In the forest, you observe a monkey using its tail to hold its body as it moves through the trees. This monkey must be a
Cebus and the atelines are the groups of monkey that use its tail to hold its body as it moves through the trees.
Which type of monkey use its tail for movement?Two groups of monkey that use its tail to hold its body as it moves through the trees are the Cebus and the atelines. These monkeys have a long tail which is used as hand for movement.
So we can conclude that Cebus and the atelines are the groups of monkey that use its tail to hold its body as it moves through the trees.
Learn more about monkey here: https://brainly.com/question/15367599
#SPJ1