The correct options are d. Triangle, e. Square, h. Heart, c. Moon. In the context of a tree construction in the Clade Race, synapomorphic shapes would refer to characters (such as shapes).
Shapes that are shared and derived by a specific group of organisms, indicate a close evolutionary relationship.
In a phylogenetic tree, synapomorphies are characters that are shared by a specific clade, or group of closely related species. These characters are used to help distinguish one clade from another and to infer evolutionary relationships. In the Clade Race, shapes could be used as characters to represent synapomorphic traits, with each shape representing a different character that is shared among a group of organisms.
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aaron’s mother has multiple sclerosis. one of the features of this disease is the slowing down of nerve impulses. what part of the neuron could be affected by ms?
MS should have an impact on the little space between the postsynaptic cell and the presynaptic neuron.
What are neurons and what do they do?The basic building blocks of the brains and nervous tissue are neurons. They are the cells that receive sensory information from the outside world, convey motor directions to skeletal muscles, and generate and relay electromagnetic currents at each stage along the way.
What are the parts of a neuron used for?Neurons have a long technology component called the axon that they use to convey communications to other neurons and a short omnidirectional antenna made by the international called dendrite for receiving signals. An axon can extend up to one meter. A thin coating of fat known as myelin, which serves as an insulator, is found on the axons among some neurons.
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Nodal cells in the SA initiate a heartbeat by spontaneously _____ to generate an action potential.
Nodal cells in the SA initiate a heartbeat by spontaneously depolarizing to generate an action potential.
What do you mean by nodal cells?
Nodal cells are specialized cells found in the heart, specifically at the sinoatrial (SA) node, the atrioventricular (AV) node, and the Bundle of His. These cells are responsible for generating electrical impulses that cause the heart muscle to contract and pump blood throughout the body. They are also known as pacemaker cells or pacemaker fibers.
Nodal cells in the SA, or sinoatrial node, are specialized cells located in the right atrium of the heart. These cells have an inherent pacemaker activity, meaning they can spontaneously depolarize, or generate an action potential, without any external stimulus. This action potential then spreads through the atria, causing them to contract. From there, it reaches the atrioventricular node, or AV node, which is responsible for transmitting the signal to the ventricles to cause them to contract as well. The action potential generated by the SA node sets off a chain reaction that leads to the heart beating in a regular rhythm.
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What is the inferior structure of the skull?
A typical resting heart rate for a normal individual is around...
Adults have a resting heart rate between 60 and 100 beats per minute. A typical resting heart rate, for instance, is closer to 40 beats per minute.
What does it mean to have a heart?The heart, a fist-sized organ, pumps blood throughout your body. It is the primary organ of your circulatory system. Each of your heart's four major chambers is powered by electrical impulses and made of muscle.
Where does heartache originate?Chest pain can occur anywhere along your body between your neck and upper abdomen, including there. Heart attack-like symptoms include pain in the chest that radiates to the shoulder and arm. Some people may not experience any chest pain at all.
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What is animal phyla and symmetry ?
Animal phyla are the major groups of animals classified based on their shared characteristics, and symmetry is the way an animal's body is arranged. These are important concepts in the study of animal biology and help us understand the diversity and evolution of animal life.
Animal phyla are the major groups of animals that are classified based on their shared characteristics. There are over 30 recognized animal phyla, and each phylum includes a diverse group of organisms.
Some of the most common animal phyla include Chordata (vertebrates and their relatives), Arthropoda (insects, crustaceans, and arachnids), Mollusca (snails, clams, and squids), and Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers).
Symmetry, in the context of animal phyla, refers to the way an animal's body is arranged. There are three main types of symmetry found in animals: bilateral symmetry, radial symmetry, and asymmetry.
Bilateral symmetry is when an animal's body can be divided into two equal halves along a central axis, like in humans and most vertebrates. Radial symmetry is when an animal's body is arranged around a central point, like in starfish and jellyfish.
Asymmetry is when an animal's body cannot be divided into equal halves, like in sponges.
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The animal kingdom is incredibly diverse, with millions of species exhibiting various characteristics and traits. Animal phyla and symmetry are two concepts that help classify and describe animals based on their body structure and arrangement.
1. Animal Phyla: Animal phyla refer to the major groups or categories into which animals are classified based on their characteristics and evolutionary relationships. These phyla provide a framework for organizing and understanding the vast array of animal species. Examples of animal phyla include: - Chordata: This phylum includes animals with a notochord (a flexible rod-like structure), such as mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. - Arthropoda: This phylum includes animals with jointed legs and an exoskeleton, such as insects, spiders, crustaceans, and millipedes. - Mollusca: This phylum includes animals with a soft body, often protected by a hard shell, such as snails, clams, octopuses, and squids.Understanding animal phyla and symmetry helps scientists classify and categorize animals based on their evolutionary relationships and body structures. It also provides insights into their behavior, adaptations, and ecological roles within their environments.
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what is the name for a burst of activity on an eeg in the early stages of sleep?
The body starts a deep state of relaxation as we enter stage 2 sleep. Theta waves continue to control brain activity, although they are occasionally broken up by sleep spindles, which are short bursts of activity.
What EEG activity patterns are connected to sleep stage 2?Breathing, heart rate, muscular tone, & temperatures all settle down during Stage 2 Sleep. An EEG with varying frequency is overlay with brief bursts of increased brain wave activity. Sleep spindles are the term for these high-frequency activity spikes.
What EEG sleep stages are there?Rapid eye movements (REM) and non-rapid saw some (NREM) sleep are the two main stages of sleep that can be distinguished based on the macrostructure of sleep.
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the zona pellucida is formed as the follicle becomes a secondary follicle.
The zona pellucida is shaped as the follicle turns into an optional follicle. The discharges of the bulbourethral organs kill hints of acidic pee in the urethra and act as an ointment during sex.
A scrotal muscle that agreements in light of cold ecological temperature are the cremaster.
The zona pellucida should be visible between the oocyte and the follicular cells. At long last, auxiliary (antral) follicles have an oocyte encircled by different layers of follicular (granulosa) cells in which an antrum should be visible.
The zona pellucida first shows up in unilaminar essential oocytes. It is discharged by both the oocyte and the ovarian follicles. The zona pellucida is encircled by the crown radiata.
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Is GnRH a steroid or protein hormone?
GnRH, or gonadotropin releasing hormone, is a protein hormone and not a steroid hormone.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are the two gonadotropic hormones released from the anterior pituitary by the releasing hormone known as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (or GnRH). GnRH is a peptide hormone which is produced and released by GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus. It is then supplied to the pituitary gland through the bloodstream.
The release of FSH and LH is controlled by parameters such as size, the frequency of GnRH pulses, and feedback from androgens and estrogens. FSH is released when low-frequency GnRH pulses are present, but LH pulse synthesis is simultaneously triggered by pulses of GnRH that are higher in frequency.
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Which is the correct order of the steps in a generalized signal transduction pathway? O Signal molecule enters nucleus, signal molecule binds to DNA, transcription of specific genes occurs O Signal molecule binds to extracellular region of receptor, signal molecule diffuses through cell membrane, signal is transduced to nucleus where specific genes are turned on or off O Signal molecule activates target cell, target cell binds to receptor, receptor is activated O Signal molecule binds to receptor, molecules within cell transduce signal, cell responds O Signal molecule is secreted by nearby cell, signal molecule enters cell, signal activates receptor
Signal molecule binds to receptor; molecules within the cell transduce the signal, cell responds
What is signal transduction pathway ?The process by which a cell responds to substances outside the cell by using signalling molecules that are present both inside and on the cell's surface.
Generalized and specialised transduction are the two types. Any part of the host's genome can be acquired by the bacteriophages through generalised transduction. Contrarily, with specialised transduction, bacteriophages only take up a limited range of the host's DNA.
Vision, touch, and hormones are some examples of signal transduction pathways.
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Which of the following options is correct?
Cell adhesion in animals often occurs through the interactions of
a. cytoskeletons.
b. carbohydrates.
c. lipids.
d. receptors.
e. organelles.
The right response: D. receptor interactions frequently lead to cell adhesion in animals.In animals, cell adhesion occurs when certain receptors are present on the cell surface.
What are some examples of cell-cell adhesion?Cadherins (cadherin necessary to satisfy) & nectins are two well-known cell adhesion molecules which are involved in the control the cell adhesion (nectin cell adhesion).
What function do adhesion molecules provide in cell-cell communication?It is well established that adhesion molecules play a crucial role in an effective T-cell-mediated immunological response.Circulating T cells respond to signals produced at an inflammatory location by rolling, arresting, and then transmigrating through the endothelium. All of these responses are mediated via adhesion molecules.
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True/False? the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane is a rigid structure that restricts lateral movement of individual phospholipids and proteins.
The phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane is a rigid structure that restricts the lateral movement of individual phospholipids and proteins. The given statement is false.
The phospholipid bilayers are critical components of cell membranes. The lipid bilayer can also act as a barrier to the free movement of the particles or molecules or ions, both in as well as out of the cell. They behave as two-dimensional fluids in which the individual molecules (both lipids and proteins) are free to rotate around themselves and also its movement in lateral directions. Such fluidity is a critical property of membranes and is determined by both temperature and lipid composition. The plasma membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids, which consist of fatty acids and alcohol. The phospholipids in the plasma membrane are arranged in two layers, called a phospholipid bilayer.
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Land plants life cycles feature alternation of generations. Which of the following statements about alternation of generations is false?A. The life cycle includes both a diploid and haploid multicellular statge.B. Gametes are not produced by mitosisC. Gametes fuse to form zygoteD. The life cycle includes A multicellular spore-producing generationE. Sporangia undergo meiosis to produce haploid unicellular spores
Land plants life cycles feature alternation of generations, the following statements about alternation of generations is false : B.)Gametes are not produced by mitosis.
What is meant by alternation of generations?Alternation of generations is predominant type of life cycle in plants and algae and it consists of multicellular haploid sexual phase, gametophyte, which has a single set of chromosomes alternating with multicellular diploid asexual phase, sporophyte which has two sets of chromosomes.
Alternation of generations is common in plants, algae, and fungi and this can be compared to the sexual reproduction in animals where both haploid and diploid cells are found in every generation. Plants alternate between diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte and also between asexual and sexual reproduction.
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approximately 1 out of every 2,500 caucasians in the united states is born with the recessive disease cystic fibrosis. according to the hardy-weinberg equilibrium equation, approximately what percentage of people are carriers? round to the nearest whole number and do not include the % sign in your answer.
As a result, around 4% of persons in the United States are cystic fibrosis carriers.
What is cystic fibrosis?Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects mainly the lungs, pancreas, and digestive system. It is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, which encodes a protein that regulates the flow of salt and fluids in and out of cells. In people with CF, the CFTR protein is either absent or malfunctioning, leading to thick, sticky mucus buildup in the airways and pancreas. This can cause a range of symptoms, including chronic lung infections, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and digestive problems such as difficulty digesting food and absorbing nutrients.
Here,
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation relates the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population, and can be used to predict the frequencies of carriers for a recessive disease like cystic fibrosis.
Let's use the following notation to represent the alleles for the cystic fibrosis gene:
Let p be the frequency of the normal (non-disease) allele.
Let q be the frequency of the disease allele.
Since cystic fibrosis is a recessive disease, individuals with two copies of the disease allele (qq genotype) will be affected, while individuals with one copy of the disease allele and one copy of the normal allele (pq genotype) will be carriers. Individuals with two copies of the normal allele (pp genotype) will not be affected and not be carriers.
According to the problem statement, the frequency of the q allele (the disease allele) is:
q = √(1/2500) = 0.02
The frequency of the p allele can be found by subtracting the frequency of the q allele from 1:
p = 1 - q = 1 - 0.02 = 0.98
Now, we can use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to calculate the expected frequencies of the three genotypes:
p² = frequency of pp genotype (non-carriers)
2pq = frequency of pq genotype (carriers)
q² = frequency of qq genotype (affected)
The frequency of carriers (pq genotype) is:
2pq = 2 x 0.98 x 0.02 = 0.0392
To convert this to a percentage, we can multiply by 100 and round to the nearest whole number:
0.0392 x 100 ≈ 4
Therefore, approximately 4% of people in the United States are carriers for cystic fibrosis.
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which of these enzymes is responsible for the elongation of dna in replication?ARENBDNA ligaseCRNA polymeraseDDNA polymerase
The correct answer is D. DNA polymerase. DNA polymerase is responsible for the elongation of DNA during replication.
During DNA replication, the double-stranded DNA molecule unwinds, and each strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the newly synthesized strand, thereby extending it in the 5' to 3' direction. The energy for this process is derived from the hydrolysis of the high-energy phosphate bond in the incoming nucleotide triphosphate. DNA polymerase is capable of proofreading its own work and correcting errors that occur during replication. DNA ligase, on the other hand, joins the Okazaki fragments of the lagging strand during replication, and RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA during transcription.
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which shapes from the clade race would be considered plesiomorphic?
Amongst the options a) circle shape from the Clade Race would be considered plesiomorphic.
A primitive or ancestral character state is called plesiomorphy or known as a plesiomorphic character), and a shared plesiomorphy is called a symplesiomorphy. For example, let us take an example of hair. It is a unique mammalian character that evolved with the evolution of mammals.
The term apomorphy means a specialized or derived character state which is plesiomorphy. It refers to a primitive or ancestral trait. An same as autapomorphy, it is a derived trait that is unique to one group, while a same as synapomorphy is a derived trait shared by two or more groups.
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FULL Question: Which shapes from the Clade Race would be considered plesiomorphic?a. Circle b. Heart c. Square d. Arrowe. Cross f. Moon g. Star h. Triangle i. Hexagon
which shapes from the clade race would be considered autoapomorphic?
Option( i ,a,f, g )Hexagon ,Arrow ,Cross ,Star shapes from the Clade Race would be considered autoapomorphic
A clade is a collection of creatures that are monophyletic on a phylogenetic tree, meaning they share a common ancestor and all of their lineal descendants. It is also referred to as a monophyletic group or natural group. In taxonomical literature, the comparable Latin term cladus (plural cladi) occasionally substitutes for the English phrase.
The common ancestor could have been a person, a group of people, or a species (extinct or extant). Clades are layered one inside the other as each branch divides into more manageable branches. These divisions show how populations divided and evolved separately throughout evolutionary history. Monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups are known as clades.
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FUll Question: Which shapes from the Clade Race would be considered autoapomorphic?
a. Arrow
b. Circle
c. Moon
d. Triangle
e. Square
f. Cross
g. Star
h. Heat
i. Hexagon
7. Pilihan ganda30 detik1 ptQ. Which interaction between animals BEST controls the population of a species?Pilihan jawabanwild animals marking their territoriesremora fish traveling with sharkslions preying on zebraswolves traveling in packs
The interaction between creatures, which occurs when wild creatures mark their home, territories regulates the population of a species.
The correct answer is option A.
Mutualism is described as a relationship between members of different species that has a positive( good) impact on the survival and/ or per capita reduplication of the interacting populations. Multitudinous ecological characteristics and functions, including nutrient cycling and food webs, are grounded on relations between species. Depending on the evolutionary environment and environmental factors that they take place in, these relations can have a variety of different natures. Positive relations can boost the populations of both interacting species. likewise, the brutes have an impact on their surroundings, changing the coffers accessible to ecosystems and the face of the Earth. As a result, relations between species play a significant part in how life on Earth endures and develops over time.
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The complete question is as follows
Which interaction between animals BEST controls the population of a species?
answer choices
a. wild animals marking their territories
b. remora fish traveling with sharks
c. lions preying on zebras
d. wolves traveling in packs
What is the anterior view of the skull?
The anterior view of the skull is the front view of the skull. It includes the forehead, eyes, nose, and mouth. The anterior view provides the most detail of the skull's structure, including the shape of the cranium, facial features, and the position of the jaw.
The anterior view of the skull is the front view of the skull. It is the view that shows the forehead, eyes, nose, and mouth. The anterior view of the skull is also known as the facial view.
This view is used to study the bones and features of the face, including the maxilla, mandible, nasal bone, zygomatic bone, and frontal bone. The anterior view of the skull is important for understanding the anatomy of the face and for identifying any abnormalities or injuries to the skull or facial bones.
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Please can someone help me?
The set of chromosomes in the diagram below which depicts nondisjunction is 21 and is therefore denoted as option A.
What is Nondisjunction?
Nondisjunction is referred to as the failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes.
In the diagram given, set of chromosomes in the diagram below which depicts nondisjunction is 21 due to the abnormal length and properties observed when properly viewed thereby making it the correct choice.
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A person in ______ will unconsciously avoid an unwanted feeling or situation. a. pain b. love c. denial d. sublimation
Answer:
A person in denial will unconsciously avoid an unwanted feeling or situation. a. pain b. love c. denial d. sublimation
Which statement does the author include to show there are concerns about how sports can negatively impact students?
A youngster who is pressured to perform and who feels a failure with every setback may experience an inappropriate degree of stress from sports. Sports may cause both parents and athletes to act in unreasonable or obnoxious ways. Many players who compete in sports might end up becoming bad role models.
Sports and mental health among students: what effects?Stress, anxiety, sadness, and thoughts are all correlated with decreased levels of participation in sports. misuse and other risky behaviours are less likely when they play team sports. The likelihood of getting wounded increases when there are many of players moving about the field or court. Instead of concentrating on team objectives, team members may become competitive to win individual accolades. Also, coaches are less able to concentrate on individual instruction.
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In which type of classification system are names assigned only to groups that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants?
A. a system that groups organisms based solely on similar morphologies
B. a system that groups organisms based on similar roles in the environment
C. a system based entirely on evolutionary history
D. a system based solely on cellular structures
Phylogenetic classification is a type of classification system that assigns names only to groups that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants, based entirely on evolutionary history. Here option C is the correct answer.
The type of classification system that assigns names only to groups that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants is known as a phylogenetic classification system. Phylogenetic classification is based entirely on evolutionary history and the relatedness of organisms.
Phylogenetic classification systems use molecular data, morphology, and other characteristics to infer evolutionary relationships between organisms. The goal is to create a classification system that reflects the true evolutionary history of life on Earth. In a phylogenetic classification system, names are assigned only to groups that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants.
This is in contrast to other types of classification systems, such as those based solely on similar morphologies (A) or cellular structures (D), or those based on similar roles in the environment (B). While these other systems can be useful for some purposes, they do not necessarily reflect the true evolutionary history of the organisms being classified.
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What is thorax and its function?
Thorax is the portion between neck and abdomen which consists of thoracic cavity and many other organs such as heart, lungs and blood vessels.
Thorax consists of sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae. It supports the pleural cavity and diaphragm. The rib cage has seven pairs of true ribs and 5 pairs of false ribs. It protects the major vital organs within the thorax, and also assists in respiration. It also acts as attachment points for back, chest and shoulder muscles. The general identification of thorax is chest, which lies below the neck. It provides protection mainly to heart and lungs because malfunction in these two organs can cause sudden death. The intercostal muscles help in the motion of diaphragm present below the chest which is needed during expiration and inspiration.
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what role does nondisjunction play in the formation of a fertile allopolyploid hybrid?a. It doubles the chromosome number in the hybrid.b. It allows gametes of the two parent species to combine.c. It causes the chromosomes to line up at the center of the cell during mitosis.d. It breaks down chromosomes that don't exist as homologous pairs.
Role nondisjunction plays in the formation of a fertile allopolyploid hybrid is:
It doubles the chromosome number in the hybrid.
Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes fail to split correctly during cell division. Nondisjunction can result in the doubling of the chromosome number in the creation of a viable allopolyploid hybrid by allowing the hybrid to inherit a complete set of chromosomes from each parent rather than the predicted half set. This doubling of chromosomes is an important phase in the construction of allopolyploid hybrids because it results in the creation of a new species with a distinct set of genetic features. The hybrid's fertility is then determined by how successfully the doubled chromosomes couple up and segregate during meiosis, which may be regulated by a variety of variables including gene expression and epigenetic changes.
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An element crystallizes in a face-centered cubic lattice and has a density of 1. 456 g/cubic cm. The edge of its unit cell is 4. 52 x 10-8 cm. What is the volume of a unit cell ?.
Crystal structure is a description of the ordered arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline material. The arrangement is three dimensional. The manner in which atoms, ions, or molecules are spatially arranged determines crystalline structure.
Unit cell: small repeating entity of the atomic structure. The basic building block of the crystal structure. It defines the entire crystal structure with the atom positions within.
FCC stands for face centered cubic. In fcc, atoms are arranged at the corners and center of each cube face of the cell. In one unit cell, 4 atoms are present and these atoms are assumed to touch along the face diagonals. In fcc lattice, the length of the edge of the unit cell is 400 pm.
The crystal structure is based on the Bravais lattice of the same name, with a single atom at each lattice point on the cube’s corners and faces. FCC is one of the most stable crystal structures and has the highest packing density.
For a fcc unit cell, the number of atoms per unit cell,
Z=4.
Density, d= ZM / NA*a3
Here, M= molar mass
NA=6.022×1023/mol= Avogadro's number
a=4×10−8 cm= edge length
Density d=2.8g/cm3
2.8=4M / 6.022×1023×(4×10−8)3=27g/mol
Hence, the molar mass of the element is 27g/mol.
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How does embyrological support that organisms have evolved over time or area related?
Answer:
Embryology is important to understanding a species' evolution, since some homologous structures can be seen only in embryo development. For example, all vertebrate embryos, from humans to chickens to fish, have a tail during early development, even if that tail does not appear in the fully developed organism.
Explanation:
Which of these carbohydrates may contain glucose as well as other monosaccharides? a. fiber b. amylopectin c. glycogen d. amylose.
It's possible that glucose and other monosaccharides are included in both amylose and glycogen.
What use does glycogen function?Glycogen is the name given toward this type of glucose that is stored and is composed of several bonded glucose molecules. Glycogen is metabolized to release sugar into the blood, which is then utilized as fuel again for cells, when the body craves a sudden energy surge or if the body isn't obtaining glucose from food.
How does too much glycogen act?Because more glycogen is retained in the liver rather than being liberated as sugar in the blood stream, a larger liver is associated with low blood sugar levels. Hypoglycemia, also known as low blood sugar, can produce sweating, trembling, tiredness, bewilderment, and occasionally seizure.
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what is called the long, thin fiber that extends from the body of one neuron to another neuron, muscle, or gland
The long, thin fiber that extends from the body of one neuron to another neuron, muscle, or gland is called an "axon".
The axon is the primary structure of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body to other cells. Axons can vary in length from a fraction of a millimeter to over a meter, depending on the type of neuron and the location of the target cells. Axons can also have many branches, which allow a single neuron to communicate with multiple target cells.
In addition to carrying nerve impulses away from the cell body to other cells, axons have several other important features and functions. The axon is a critically important structure for the proper functioning of the nervous system and allows for rapid, efficient communication between neurons and other cells in the body.
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A satellite that goes around the earth once every 24 hours is called a geosynchronous satellite. If a geosynchronous satellite is in an equatorial orbit, its position appears stationary with respect to a ground station, and it is known as a geostationary satellite.
A geosynchronous satellite is a type of satellite that orbits the Earth at the same rate that the Earth rotates, completing one orbit every 24 hours.
This means that the satellite appears to stay in the same position relative to the Earth's surface, allowing it to be used for a variety of communication and navigation purposes.
If the geosynchronous satellite is in an equatorial orbit and located directly above the equator, it appears stationary from the perspective of an observer on the Earth's surface. This is known as a geostationary satellite.
This type of satellite is particularly useful for telecommunications, weather forecasting, and remote sensing, as it can cover a large portion of the Earth's surface and provide continuous coverage.
Geostationary satellites are typically positioned at an altitude of about 36,000 kilometers (22,000 miles) above the Earth's surface, which allows them to maintain their position relative to the Earth's rotation. They are used for a wide range of applications, including television broadcasting, internet services, and navigation systems.
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A type of plowing known as _________________________ helps conserve soil by disturbing it as little as possible.