In addition to the template DNA, ribonucleotides, and the necessary transcription factors, you should also add RNA polymerase I enzyme to the test tube.
The pace of protein synthesis, which is closely linked to ribosome production and rRNA transcription, directly affects the rate of cell development. Therefore, rRNA synthesis must be synchronised with other protein translational components using intracellular cues. It is known that Myc interacts with human ribosomal DNA to promote the transcription of rRNA by RNA polymerase I. To ensure that rRNA synthesis and Pol I-mediated transcription are properly regulated, two distinct mechanisms have been found. The first phase involves fluctuations in the amount of genes that are being transcribed at any particular time due to the enormous number of rDNA genes that are available for transcription (several hundreds).
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What are the similarities and differences between genetic engineering and selective breeding?
Through genetic engineering, genes from one species can be introduced into another that is unrelated. The individuals involved in selective breeding must be of the same species.
In GMO, researchers combine new gene combinations. Genes come together on their own during selective breeding. By utilizing pollen from one strain to fertilize another strain and therefore "cross" the gene pools, for instance, selective breeding can change a species' genetic makeup naturally.
The chromosomes are altered intentionally through genetic engineering—a technique that is against nature. For instance, a crop may contain a gene from a cold-water fish to prevent freezing during the winter. This wouldn't happen in the wild.
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What was Mendel's hypothesis?
Mendel proposed that allele pairs randomly segregate from one another when the gametes are being produced in the seed plant (egg cell) and pollen plant (sperm). A sperm or an egg only contains one copy of each allele for each inherited characteristic because allele pairs split apart during gamete development.
Mendel's idea proposed that genes arrive in pairs and are inherited from each parent as independent entities. Mendel observed how parental genes separated and if they showed up as dominant or recessive features in children. He discovered patterns of heredity passed down mathematically from one generation to the next.
He put up the particle inheritance idea as a substitute theory. The inherited phenotypes, according to his prediction, do not converge across generations. Instead, he proposed that the progeny get distinct "particles."
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What is the importance of Mendel's conclusion?
Mendel concluded that traits can be divided into overt and latent traits. He named these dominant and recessive traits respectively. Dominant traits are traits that are inherited unchanged by hybridization.
Mendel developed his three principles of heredity to explain the transmission of hereditary traits before anyone knew that genes existed. Mendel's laws of inheritance greatly expanded our understanding of heredity and led to the development of new experimental methods.
Mendel's conclusion:
Genetic determinants are unique in nature. These determinants are called genes. Each parent has a pair of genes in each cell for each trait tested. F1 from a cross between two pure strains contains one allele with a dominant phenotype and one allele with a recessive phenotype.
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Which adaptations allow thermophiles, a type of bacteria, to live within the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park
The ability to live in a highly acidic environment and the ability to withstand very hot temperatures are the adaptations that allow thermophiles, a type of bacteria, to live within the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park.
what is Adaptation?
Adaptation is the physical or behavioural characteristic of an organism that helps an organism to survive better in the surrounding environment.
The main feature of Yellowstone National Park is the presence of very hot and acidic water. Starting as rain on the surface, water from hot springs seeps through the bedrock beneath Yellowstone and is superheated by Yellowstone's magma system.
Thermophilic proteins have several adaptations that give them the ability to maintain structure and function at extreme temperatures. Thermophiles, for example, have specialized enzymes that use additional hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, and disulfide bonds to resist denaturation at very high temperatures, strengthening proteins to resist unfolding increase.
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Based on the movie( Food Inc), what are examples of policies that have been proposed as ways of dealing with social
changes resulting from new technologies, such as genetically engineered plants and animals.
Answer:
Food, Inc. Summary
If you aren’t completely familiar with what it is, Food, Inc was created by documentary filmmaker Robert Kenner and narrated by Eric Schlosser (Fast Food Nation), and also features commentary from Michael Pollan (The Omnivore’s Dilemma).
It lifts the veil on how the nation’s food industry has been consumed by corporations and how that impacts the farms where our food comes from, the supermarkets where we buy our food, and the restaurants where we eat that food. It tackles the FDA, food safety, food production, large-scale animal processing plants, and other food matters. If you are at all concerned or curious about the state of food supply in America, you should watch Food, Inc.
The Key Takeaways from the Movie
Supermarkets and Corn
The tomatoes you buy in the grocery store are picked when green and then ripened with ethylene gas
The food industry doesn’t want you to know the truth about what you are eating because if you did you might not eat it—it is a world deliberately hidden from us
Most people have no idea where their food comes from (do you?)
The fact that people need to write a book (and a blog!) telling people where their food comes from shows how far removed we are
The average grocery store has 47,000 products which makes it look like there is a large variety of choices—but it is an illusion—there are only a handful of corporations (like Monsanto, Tyson, and Perdue for example) and a few major crops involved
So much of the processed food is just clever rearrangements of corn (here are just a few examples of the additives that are derived from corn: cellulose, saccharin, polydextrose, xanthan gum, maltodextrin, and my favorite—ha ha ha—high fructose corn syrup)
30% of our land base in the US is used to grow corn because thanks to government policy farmers are paid to overproduce this easy-to-store crop
Farmers are producing so much corn that food scientists had to come up with uses for it—just like some of the additives listed above
Food scientists have also spent a lot of time reengineering our foods—so they last longer on grocery store shelves and don’t get stale
At the supermarket, candy, chips, and soda are all cheaper than produce
A double-cheeseburger from McDonald’s is 99 cents and you can’t even get a head of broccoli for that price
Those snack calories are cheaper because the commodity crops like corn, wheat, and soybeans are heavily subsidized
You start feeding corn to cows, E. Coli evolves and a certain mutation occurs which is very a harmful bacteria
Animals at factory farms stand ankle deep in their manure all day long so if one cow has E. Coli others can get it too
At a slaughterhouse their hides are caked with manure and if you are slaughtering 400 cows per hour how do you keep it from spreading?
So these harmful new strains of e Coli, that didn’t use to be in the world, are now a problem
E. Coli is even in spinach and apple juice because of the runoff from factory farms
It doesn’t help that the Chief of Staff for the USDA was a former lobbyist for the beef industry
Regulatory agencies are being controlled by the very companies they are supposed to be scrutinizing
There has always been food poisoning, but food is not getting safer it is becoming more contaminated because with the bigger factories it spreads the problem far and wide
There are only 13 slaughterhouses for the majority of beef in all the US
Ground beef from the grocery store has thousands of different cows mixed up in it so the chance of one of those cows in your meat having a disease is increased
After eating hamburger contaminated with E. Coli 0157:H7 a woman’s 2-year-old son went from a perfectly healthy boy to being dead in 12 days
In the 90’s some industrial meat factories were tested for E. Coli 0157:H7 and if they failed they were supposed to be shut down—but there was not enough authority to close the contaminated plants
Some companies are now using a hamburger meat filler cleansed with ammonia hydroxide to help kill E. Coli (mmm…that sounds tasty)
I need someone to explain this
What is the effect of changing the environment on the feeding of birds with different beaks?
The exact traits of each bird's beak and the type of environmental alteration will determine how changing the environment will affect how various beaked birds eat.
For instance, birds with long, narrow beaks designed for digging deeply into blossoms or grabbing insects may have a tougher difficulty locating food if the environment gets drier and food sources become limited.
Their population might decrease as a result of this. Similarly to this, birds with short, broad beaks that are evolved to split apart seeds may have a tougher difficulty locating food if the environment becomes wetter and food sources become limited.
On the other hand, if the environment changes in a way that creates new food sources, birds with beaks adapted to exploit those resources may do well. For example, if a new type of berry becomes available, birds with beaks adapted for eating berries may thrive in that environment.
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What process is the source of the CO2 that root hairs release into the soil?
O respiration and photolysis,
O photolysis,
O respiration,
O photosynthesis, or
O photosynthesis and respiration
The process by which the root hairs release CO2 into the soil is respiration. The correct option is Option C.
There are air pockets present between the soil particles where the oxygen required by the root of the plant is trapped. Root hair exchanges gasses to and from tiny air pockets present in between the soil particles.
The large surface area provided by root hairs facilitates this exchange of gasses along with the absorption of water.
Hence, root hair carries out the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from tiny air pockets present in between soil particles.
The CO2 released from the root hair into the soil particles is the byproduct of respiration.
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Why is a decrease in genetic diversity bad?
A decrease in genetic diversity bad because it increases the risk of extinction of a population through inbreeding depression.
This is a result of despair brought on by inbreeding paired with a lack of ability to adjust to change. New alleles can be introduced in these situations to save the population. For a population to adapt to changing circumstances, genetic diversity is essential.
Genetic drift is a result of sampling error because individuals are randomly chosen when a population is sampled. A random selection is one in which each member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen.
The variety of various inherited features within a species is referred to as genetic diversity. There would be many people with a wide range of diverse traits in a species with significant genetic diversity. For a population to adapt to changing surroundings, genetic variety is essential.
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What are 4 things that cause natural selection?
Natural selection consists of four components: variation, inheritance, rapid population growth, and differential survival and reproduction.
Natural selection is the process by which organisms with advantageous changes survive and reproduce more frequently. Adaptation is an inherited variation that increases an organism's chances of survival.
Individuals in a population are naturally variable, which means they differ in some ways. This variation indicates that some people have traits that are better suited to their environment than others.
Evolution refers to the gradual changes that occur in organisms over time that result in the formation of more complex forms. The study of the history of the evolution of newer forms of life on Earth from pre-existing forms over time is known as evolutionary biology.
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The first step to breakdown GLUCOSE to extract energy for almost all organism
The Electron Transport Chain
The Krebs Cycle
Fermentaion
Glycolysis
Answer:
Glycolysis
Explanation:
Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose molecules into pyruvates and splitting off a small amount of energy in the form of ATP. It is the first stage of cellular respiration and is a common process used by most organisms.
Why is the root of a plant unable to absorb mineral salt from the soil if it’s given a poison that prevents respiration
Write a claim evidence and reasoning on Do trees change the composition of the atmosphere around us?
Answer:
Claim: Trees change the composition of the atmosphere around us.
Evidence: Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis and release oxygen back into the air. This process helps to regulate the concentration of these gases in the atmosphere and can affect the overall composition of the air.
Reasoning: Photosynthesis is a fundamental process that occurs in plants, including trees. During photosynthesis, trees absorb carbon dioxide from the air and use it, along with sunlight and water, to produce energy and grow. As a byproduct of this process, trees release oxygen back into the air. This exchange of gases between trees and the atmosphere helps to regulate the concentration of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air and can affect the overall composition of the atmosphere. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that trees do change the composition of the atmosphere around us.
What are the 5 characteristics of natural selection?
In fact 5 characteristics for any natural selection, is that it is so straightforward that it can be divided into five fundamental processes, which we'll refer to as VISTA in this instance: Variation, Inheritance, Selection, Time, and Adaptation.
Natural selection is a straightforward method that results in long-term population changes in living things. Three factors inevitably lead to natural selection: most qualities are inherited, more offspring are generated than can survive, and kids with more advantageous traits will endure and create more offspring than those with less advantageous traits.
Environment-adapted organisms have a higher chance of surviving and dispersing the genes that contributed to their success. Over time, this mechanism leads to the evolution and divergence of species. Natural selection is a method of accounting.
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The healthcare provider prescribes 375 mg of intravenous (iv) ampicillin iv every 6 hours for a 5-month-old with a recurrent respiratory infection. The drug is supplied as 500 mg of powder in a vial. The directions state that the powder should be mixed with 1. 8 ml of diluent, which yields 250 mg/ml. How many milliliters should the nurse administer? take your answer to one decimal place. ___ ml
The nurse should administer 1.5 mg of ampicillin IV to the 5-month-old patient with a recurrent respiratory infection.
Respiratory infection is the infection of the respiratory system, especially of the respiratory pathways like the nose, throat, bronchi, etc. They usually are mild in nature which can be relieved on their own, However some diseases can cause severe effects. The examples are cold, common flu, COVID-19, etc.
The amount of ampicillin can be calculated by using the Desired over Have formula, that can be expressed as:
Dose ordered / Dose Have = Amount needed to be given.
Therefore 375 / 250 = 1.5 mg
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Count of normal liver cells vs. cancerous cells.
Normal liver cells (lower curve) have a relatively stable count
at increasing cell density, while cancer cells of the same cell
type show an increased count at higher cell densities. From
this, it was concluded that populations of cancer cells have
lost the harmony and coherence that is typical for healthy
tissue.
A possible claim based on the information provided could be:
"Cancer cells in the liver have a higher count at higher cell densities compared to normal liver cells, indicating a loss of harmony and coherence typical of healthy tissue."What is the cancerous cells about?The statement describes an experiment or observation that compared the count of normal liver cells to that of cancerous cells at different cell densities. The results showed that the count of normal liver cells remained relatively stable as the cell density increased, while the count of cancer cells increased at higher cell densities.
From this observation, the conclusion was drawn that cancer cells in the liver have lost the harmony and coherence that is typical of healthy tissue.
Therefore, this claim is based on the experiment/observation conducted and the comparison of the count of normal liver cells and cancer cells. It implies that cancer cells are behaving differently from normal cells in a way that makes them less orderly and more chaotic and thus different from healthy tissue.
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See full question below
Count of normal liver cells vs. cancerous cells.
Normal liver cells (lower curve) have a relatively stable count
at increasing cell density, while cancer cells of the same cell
type show an increased count at higher cell densities. From
this, it was concluded that populations of cancer cells have
lost the harmony and coherence that is typical for healthy
tissue. What claim can be obtained from the above statement.
Which anatomical feature would you expect to find in the fossil remains of a nocturnal species?
a. short fingers and toes
b. pointy teeth
c. long legs
d. large eye orbits
The anatomical feature would you expect to find in the fossil remains of a nocturnal species is large eye orbits.
What anatomical characteristics might you anticipate to see in the fossilized remains of a nocturnal species?Comparatively larger eyes and bony orbits are characteristics of nocturnal (active at night) species as opposed to diurnal species. The bony orbits of primate skulls exhibit significant structural variations in addition to size variations.
Nocturnals are animals that are active at night. These animals possess a unique trait called night vision that enables them to see in the dark! Animals use their night vision to locate food or elude predators. A few nocturnal animals also have keen hearing or smell senses.
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Which statement does not accurately describe what occurs during the process of meiosis?
A) Meiosis produces four identical gametes, either egg or sperm.
B) Genetic variation among sexually reproducing organisms is enhanced by meiosis.
C) Meiosis produces gametes with the haploid chromosome number.
D) All stages of meiosis follow DNA replication
Answer:
D cause not all stages of meiosis follow DNA replication.
Much of the world's sulfur is found in _________ and ______________. eggs, cabbage volcanic glass, coral reefs computer chips, plasma TVs gypsum, pyrite sea water, the atmosphere
Much of the world's sulfur is found in sea water, the atmosphere, eggs, cabbage, volcanic glass, coral reefs, gypsum, pyrite, and computer chips.
Sulfur is a versatile and abundant element that can be found in a variety of sources. In the sea, sulfur is found in its elemental form, usually bound to other elements such as oxygen and hydrogen.
In the atmosphere, sulfur is found mainly as sulfur dioxide, a byproduct of combustion.
Eggs, cabbage, and volcanic glass contain sulfur in the form of sulfates. Coral reefs are composed of calcium sulfate, and gypsum is largely composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate.
Pyrite is an iron sulfide mineral that is found in many rocks. Finally, sulfur is also present in computer chips, where it is used in the form of transistors to control the flow of electrons. All of these different forms of sulfur are essential for life on earth, and many of them are used in industry and technology.
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4. What is the trait that will be expressed if it is present?
purebred
recessive
dominant
hybrid
Answer:
c
Explanation:
all dominant traits show hybrid and purebred are definetly not it
Nutrients and ions can pass directly from cell to cell through special membrane junctions known as ________.
Nutrients and ions can pass directly from cell to cell through special membrane junctions known as gap junctions.
Gap junctions are structures composed of transmembrane proteins that enable communication between cells. They are found in most animal cells and play a critical role in the coordination of cellular activities.
Gap junctions are important for maintaining homeostasis in the body. They allow for an exchange of ions, metabolites, and other molecules between cells. This process helps to maintain a balance of nutrients and ions throughout the body. Gap junctions are also involved in the coordination of cellular activities such as cell growth, differentiation, and cell migration.
Gap junctions are composed of two connexons, or hemichannels. The connexons are composed of six transmembrane proteins, referred to as connexins. The connexins form a channel between the two cells, allowing for the exchange of small molecules and ions. The connexons can open and close in response to a variety of external and internal signals, allowing for a tightly regulated exchange of materials.
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Which of the following best describes the addition of nucleotides to a growing DNA chain? A nucleoside triphosphate is added to the 5' end of the DNA, releasing a molecule of pyrophosphate. A nucleoside diphosphate is added to the 3' end of the DNA, releasing a molecule of phosphate. A nucleoside triphosphate is added to the 3' end of the DNA, releasing a molecule of pyrophosphate. Co A nucleoside diphosphate is added to the 5' end of the DNA, releasing a molecule of phosphate. Moving to another question will save this response
Correct statement which best descibes the addition of nucleotide is a) a nucleoside triphosphate is added to the 5' end of the DNA, releasing a molecule of pyrophosphate.So,correct option is a.
A nucleoside triphosphate is a nucleotide containing a nitrogenous base bound to a 5-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), with three phosphate bunches bound to the sugar. They are the sub-atomic antecedents of both DNA and RNA, which are chains of nucleotides made through the cycles of DNA replication and transcription. Nucleoside triphosphates likewise act as a wellspring of energy for cell reactions and are associated with flagging pathways.
Nucleoside triphosphates can't be consumed well, so they are regularly orchestrated inside the cell. Blend pathways contrast contingent upon the particular nucleotide triphosphate being made, yet given the numerous significant jobs of nucleoside triphosphates, union is firmly directed in all cases. Nucleoside analogs may likewise be utilized to treat viral infections. For instance, azidothymidine (AZT) is a nucleoside simple used to forestall and treat HIV/Helps.
Hence,correct statement is given in option a.
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(Complete question) is:
Which of the following best describes the addition of nucleosides to a growing DNA chain?
a)A nucleoside triphosphate is added to the 5' end of the DNA, releasing a molecule of pyrophosphate.
b)A nucleoside diphosphate is added to the 3' end of the DNA, releasing a molecule of phosphate.
c)A nucleoside triphosphate is added to the 3' end of the DNA, releasing a molecule of pyrophosphate.
d)A nucleoside diphosphate is added to the 5' end of the DNA, releasing a molecule of phosphate. Moving to another question will save this response
What are the two main types of mutations ?
The two main types of mutations are, 1.Gametes include germline alterations. 2. Somatic mutations happen in the body's other cells.
These mutations are particularly important since they can be passed down to kids, who will all have the mutation in every cell environmental elements and utterly arbitrary causes Mutations can also be brought on by outside factors like specific chemicals or extreme radiation. Let's learn about many mutations and their sorts now that we are familiar with the definition of mutation and its causes.
Based on the base pair substitution, there are two types of point mutation. It is a point mutation that results from the replacement of one purine or one pyrimidine with another. It is a point mutation that happens when pyrimidine is substituted for purine and vice versa. There are three types of point mutations based on transcriptional characteristics.
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A landowner plans to harvest a large area of pine trees to sell for lumber. How can
the landowner best sustain the pine trees as a natural resource?
A The landowner should consult a forester and replant the land with pine trees.
B The landowner should leave a few trees and let the land regenerate
naturally.
C The landowner should replant the land with corn or soybeans.
D The landowner should plant a few genetically altered trees.
Few trees should be left standing, and the landowner should let nature take its course.
Can a forest naturally regrow?A forest can quickly undergo organic regeneration through the growth of grass and herbs. By allowing deforested areas to remain unattended for a long time, the regrowth of forests can happen spontaneously and without the help of humans.
Regeneration of natural resources?Old stands must be left alone or have had afforestation rehabilitation and been given time to mature to the point of generating seeds in order for natural regeneration to occur. The majority of Central and Eastern European nations as well as Scandinavian nations are like this.
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What does a plant life cycle start with?
its a plant dawg think smarter not harder ✊
What is the strongest evidence to support the theory of evolution?
Perhaps the strongest fossil evidence for evolution is the continuity of the fossil record from prehistoric to modern times.
The Devonian, the age of the fishes, or human fossils amid dinosaur remains are not things we discover anyplace on Earth. The five assumptions that Darwin combined are evolution, or common descent, gradualism, species diversity, and natural selection. A theory is a reason for how a natural phenomena works that has been put to the test extensively through observations and tests meant to prove the correctness of the explanation. In this situation, evolution may be viewed as a theory as well as reality. It cannot be disputed that throughout Earth's history, living things have changed or evolved.
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An organism has the genotype AaBbCc. What is the probability of producing a gamete that only has dominant alleles for these three genes
A plant having the genotype AABbCC will produce solely ABC and AbC gametes. The 2n formula is used to compute the phenotypes in the cross, whereas the 3n formula is used to calculate the genotypes in the cross.
A cross between the AABBCC and the aabbcc genotypes results in an F1 hybrid with the AaBbCc genotype. An organism produces 2n kinds of gametes,
where n is the number of heterozygous genes present. Because the hybrid AaBbCc is heterozygous for three genes, its total number of potential gametes is 23=8.
The F1 generation plants have the genotype AABbCC. 2n where n= 1 may be used to calculate the number of gametes involved in a specific cross ( n is the number of heterozygotes). As a result, there will be two gametes, ABC and AbC. The phenotype of the F2 generation after selfing these plants will be 3:1, as depicted in the Punnett square.
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Which statement best explains the connection between the sequence and subcomponents of a protein and its properties
"The specific shape of a protein is determined by its original sequence of amino acids, which ensures proper function upon renaturation."
This statement correctly describes the relationship between the primary structure of a protein, its three-dimensional shape, and its function. The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its conformation or 3D structure. This structure, in turn, is responsible for the protein's ability to perform its specific functions, such as catalyzing reactions, transporting molecules across membranes, or binding to other molecules. The specific shape of a protein is crucial for its function and any change in its primary structure can lead to a change in its conformation and subsequently in its function. Renaturation is a process in which a denatured protein (meaning it has lost its 3D structure) is returned to its native conformation by the application of appropriate conditions, such as pH, temperature, and salt concentration. If the primary structure of the protein is correct, it will be able to return to its native conformation and function properly after renaturation.
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Why is individual II-1 heterozygous according to the answer key. - Pedigrees
In given pedigrees II-1 heterozygous because the man (II-1) that brown-eyed woman marry has brown eye but they have a son (III-1) with blue eye. So, genotype of II-1 will be Bb.
What is pedigrees?A family tree diagram that makes use of standardized symbols. The relationships between family members are shown in a pedigree, which also identifies the members of a family who have particular genetic pathogenic variants, traits, and diseases as well as their current health.
Pedigrees are typically employed to illustrate straightforward dominant and recessive traits. Having a widow's peak hairline, for instance, is dominant. If someone possesses that quality, their pedigree symbol will be shaded in.
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Light from a distant star is focused by the lens onto the retina . With a pupil diameter of 3.0mm, the intensity of light falling on the retina is illustrated by the graph below . The spot illuminated on the retina is about 8micrometers in diameter. When star gazing on a very dark evening, the pupil diameter will expand to much larger than 3.0 mm.
a.With an expanded pupil diameter, what will happen to the total amount of light energy reaching the retina?
increase,decrease,or stay the same?
b. With an expanded pupil diameter, what will happen to the spread of the image on the retina?
increase,decrease,or stay the same?
c. With a decreased spread in image size, what will happen to the intensity of the central maxima?
increase,decrease,or stay the same?
With an expanded pupil diameter, the total amount of light energy reaching the retina will increase, the spread of the image on the retina will decrease, and the intensity of the central maxima will increase.
a. The total amount of light energy reaching the retina will rise with enlarged pupil diameter. The iris of the eye has an aperture called a pupil that controls how much light enters the eye.
More light can enter the eye when the pupil dilates, increasing the quantity of light energy that reaches the retina overall.
b. The spread of the image on the retina will narrow as the pupil diameter increases. The retinal image is spread out over a larger surface area as the pupil dilates, which reduces the size of the image.
c. The central maxima's intensity will rise as the spread of the image size decreases. The center maxima's intensity rises as a result of the light's greater concentration in a smaller region due to the lower image size.
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