If matings are not random in a population and individuals mate with other individuals of similar genotype/phenotype, h0m0zyg0us frequencies increase. In this example, the genotype frequency for Mm is F(Mm) = 0.25.
---------------------------------
In the exposed example, one of the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is not accomplished. There are non random matings.
Individuals mate with other snails of the same genotypes
MM x MM
Mm x Mm
mm x mm
We can assume this is an example of matings by similar phenotypes.
Eventually, this mating system leads to an increase in the h0m0zyg0us genotype frequency, at the expense of heter0zyg0us ones in loci that determine the trait.
Allelic frequencies do not change. Only genotypic frequencies do.
This mating system tends to separate the population into two subgroups, decreasing the amount of heter0zyg0us individuals.
Matings Progeny
MM x MM 4/4 MMMM x Mm 1/4 MM + 2/4 Mm + 1/4 mmmm x mm 4/4 mmZygotic population of the next generation
F(MM) = 4/4 MM + 1/4 MmF(Mm) = 1/2 MmF(mm) = 4/4 mm + 1/4 MmSo, in the exposed example we know that the frequency of the dominant allele M is 0.5
f(M) = p = 0.5
knowing that p + q = 1, we can clear the equation to get the frequency of the recessive allele.
p + q = 1
0.5 + q = 1
q = 1 - 0.5
q = 0.5
f(m) = q = 0.5
Zygotic population of the next generation
F(MM) = 4/4 MM + 1/4 MmF(MM) = p² + 1/4 (2pq)
F (MM) = 0.5² + 1/4 (2 x 0.5 x 0.5) = 0.25 + 0.125
F(MM) = 0.375
F(Mm) = 1/2 MmF(Mm) = 1/2 (2pq)
F(Mm) = 1/2 (0.5)
F (Mm) = 0.25
F(mm) = 4/4 mm + 1/4 MmF(mm) = q² + 1/4 (2pq)
F(mm) = 0.5² + 1/4 (2 x 0.5 x 0.5) = 0.25 + 0.125
F(mm) = 0.375
The expected genotype frequency for Mm individuals in this population is F(Mm) = 0.25.
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Distinguish between dimorphic, polymorphic, and continuously variable traits.
Dimorphic, polymorphic, and continuously variable traits are distinguished as follows:
Dimorphism is the condition of those species of animals or plants that exhibit two anatomical aspects or two different forms.When talking about polymorphisms in genetics, reference is made to the different variations that may exist on the DNA of the same gene.Continuously variable traits are those that show a continuous distribution of phenotypes.Therefore, we can conclude that dimorphism is a polymorphism with only two forms, the polymorphism is any stable change of the DNA fixed in the population and in continuously variable traits the phenotypes show a continuous series and cannot be easily grouped.
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Sonar is an echo-sounding device, which makes a profile of the sea bottom.
Question 1 options:
True
False
Answer:
false.
so·nar
/ˈsōˌnär/
Learn to pronounce
noun
a system for the detection of objects under water and for measuring the water's depth by emitting sound pulses and detecting or measuring their return after being reflected.
"a weak sonar signal"
Answer:
0.3106 seconds
Explanation:
Frequency= 20,000-Hz
The speed of echoes sounds can be calculated using the expression below;
Y= ( 2x/t) ...........................eqn(1)
t= overall time taken
x = maximum depth = 230m
Y= speed of echoes sounds
Speed of sound in water= 1,481 m/s which is a constant with little variation.
If we substitute the given values into eqn(1) we have
1481 = (2× 230)/ t
1481 × t= 460
t=460/1481
t=0.3106 seconds
Hence, the minimum time between pulses (in fresh water) is 0.3106 seconds
Does the light independent pathway of photosynthesis continue to occur when the leaf disks are placed in the dark environment
Yes, the light independent pathway of photosynthesis continues to occur when the leaf disks are placed in the dark environment.
What is photosynthesis?“The process by which green plants make their own food in presence of sunlight, chlorophyll and carbon dioxide is called photosynthesis.”In this process oxygen molecule is released as by product.It has two pathways: light dependent and light independent.
In light dependent pathway, light energy is used by chlorophyll and is converted into chemical energy.In light independent pathway, the energy produced during light dependent pathway is used to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. It occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.Hence, it is true that the light independent pathway of photosynthesis continues to occur when the leaf disks are placed in the dark environment.
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A rainforest is an example of a
Answer:
tropical moist broadleaf forest
Answer:
It could be a rainforest biome, forest, or habitat
Explanation:
A little explanation or expanding could help for a more specific answer. Thank and rate plz.
All living things have internal that helps them carry out basic functions.
true
................................
Answer:
True
Explanation:
By the end of grade 2. All organisms have external parts. Different animals use their body parts in different ways to see, hear, grasp objects, protect themselves, move from place to place, and seek, find, and take in food, water and air. Plants also have different parts (roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits) that help them survive, grow, and produce more plants.
By the end of grade 5. Plants and animals have both internal and external structures that serve various functions in growth, survival, behavior, and reproduction. (Boundary: Stress at this grade level is on understanding the macroscale systems and their function, not microscopic processes.)
By the end of grade 8. All living things are made up of cells, which is the smallest unit that can be said to be alive. An organism may consist of one single cell (unicellular) or many different numbers and types of cells (multicellular). Unicellular organisms (microorganisms), like multicellular organisms, need food, water, a way to dispose of waste, and an environment in which they can live.
Within cells, special structures are responsible for particular functions, and the cell membrane forms the boundary that controls what enters and leaves the cell. In multicellular organisms, the body is a system of multiple interacting subsystems. These subsystems are groups of cells that work together to form tissues or organs that are specialized for particular body functions. (Boundary: At this grade level, only a few major cell structures should be introduced.)
By the end of grade 12. Systems of specialized cells within organisms help them perform the essential functions of life, which involve chemical reactions that take place between different types of molecules, such as water, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. All cells contain genetic information in the form of DNA molecules. Genes are regions in the DNA that contain the instructions that code for the formation of proteins, which carry out most of the work of cells.
Multicellular organisms have a hierarchical structural organization, in which any one system is made up of numerous parts and is itself a component of the next level. Feedback mechanisms maintain a living system’s internal conditions within certain limits and mediate behaviors, allowing it to remain alive and functional even as external conditions change within some range. Outside that range (e.g., at a too high or too low external temperature, with too little food or water available), the organism cannot survive. Feedback mechanisms can encourage (through positive feedback) or discourage (negative feedback) what is going on inside the living system.
A central feature of life is that organisms grow, reproduce, and die. They have characteristic structures (anatomy and morphology), functions (molecular-scale processes to organism-level physiology), and behaviors (neurobiology and, for some animal species, psychology). Organisms and their parts are made of cells, which are the structural units of life and which themselves have molecular substructures that support their functioning. Organisms range in composition from a single cell (unicellular microorganisms) to multi-cellular organisms, in which different groups of large numbers of cells work together to form systems of tissues and organs (e.g., circulatory, respiratory, nervous, musculoskeletal), that are specialized for particular functions.
Special structures within cells are also responsible for specific cellular functions. The essential functions of a cell involve chemical reactions between many types of molecules, including water, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. All cells contain genetic information, in the form of DNA. Genes are specific regions within the extremely large DNA molecules that form the chromosomes. Genes contain the instructions that code for the formation of molecules called proteins, which carry out most of the work of cells to perform the essential functions of life. That is, proteins provide structural components, serve as signaling devices, regulate cell activities, and determine the performance of cells through their enzymatic actions.
What does fat become after the chemical process?
Answer:
uR mOtHeR
Explanation:
dUnno im sorry and very bored
In order for mutations to be passed to offspring in sexually reproducing organisms, the
mutation(s) must occur in sex cells. Why is this NOT true for bacteria like Staphylococcus?
Choose one or more:
Answer:
Bacteria can evolve quickly because they reproduce at a fast rate. Mutations in the DNA of bacteria can produce new characteristics and that the bacterium will grow better than its neighbors and can increase in numbers..
Explanation:
N/A
DNA and RNA are the same thing.
True
False
Answer:
Start studying DNA and RNA (true or false). ... TestNew stuff! ... No two nucleotide sequences in DNA molecules are ever the same. false.
Explanation:
A scientist makes the argument that she has found DNA evidence that shows that evolution does not exist. What
would her evidence have to show for her to be correct?
Strong genetic similarities in closely related organisms and weak genetic similarities in distantly related
organisms
Weak genetic similarities in closely related organisms and strong genetic similarities in distantly related
organisms.
Strong physical similarities among closely related organisms and also among distantly related organisms.
o Weak physical similarities among closely related organisms and also among distantly related organisms.
An evidence that shows that evolution does not exist is: Weak genetic similarities in closely related organisms and strong genetic similarities in distantly related.
WHAT IS EVOLUTION:Evolution is process by which different kinds of living organism are believed to have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth. This means that organisms that evolve from the same lineage are expected to have similar genetic similarities.Therefore, an evidence that shows that evolution does not exist is: Weak genetic similarities in closely related organisms and strong genetic similarities in distantly related.
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Answer:Its B
Explanation:
Biochemists developed a compound that they hypothesize will disrupt the ability of the cells to organize centrioles and microtubules. This compound is applied to a group of onion root tip cells. What will serve as the best evidence that the biochemists' hypothesis about this compound is correct?
The best evidence that the biochemists' hypothesis about this compound is
correct will be lack of growth in the onions.
The centrioles and microtubules are important during the process of cell
division(mitosis) by organisms. They ensure that the cells divide properly
which helps cells to grow.
The compound being hypothesized to disrupting the activities of the
centrioles and microtubules means lack of growth will signify that it is
correct and the most appropriate choice.
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Which sentence correctly uses commas to separate phrases? The cooking class will teach us how to, grill fish, bake a pie, and make ice cream the mouth test will include the one word problem, one pair one graph and 10 questions. I spend my free time reading books, watching tv, and playing video games. Staying for involves eating healthy foods, staying active and, sleeping well
Answer:
the first one
Explanation:
.
A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be
(select all
that apply)
A. breast feeding
B. regulating glucose levels in the blood C.enhancement of labor contractions during parturition
D. blood clot formation
E.body temperature regulation
F. blood calcium level regulation
Answer:
enhancement of labor contractions during parturition
compare a frogs internal organs to a humans internal organs
Answer:
Answer is below
Explanation:
Frogs and humans share the same basic organs. Both have lungs, kidneys, a stomach, a heart, a brain, a liver, a spleen, a small intestine and a large intestine, a pancreas, a gall bladder, a urinary bladder and a ureter. ... On the whole, their organ structure is similar, but frogs have considerably less complex anatomies
PLEASE HELP
How are the waste products of respiration removed?
(SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)
A) Food waste moves from the digestive system to the cardiovascular system.
B) Carbon dioxide is removed by respiratory organs.
C) The cardiovascular system transports waste products from cells to other systems.
D) Oxygen molecules are removed by the cardiovascular system.
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Question:How are the waste products of respiration removed?
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Choices:A) Food waste moves from the digestive system to the cardiovascular system.
B) Carbon dioxide is removed by respiratory organs.
C) The cardiovascular system transports waste products from cells to other systems.
D) Oxygen molecules are removed by the cardiovascular system.
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Answer:B) Carbon dioxide is removed by respiratory organs.[tex]{{\tt{==========================================}}}[/tex]
Explanation:The primary function of the respiratory system is to deliver oxygen to the cells of the body's tissues and remove carbon dioxide.
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Waste products of respiration are removed when carbon dioxide is removed by respiratory organs.
What is respiration?Respiration refers to the process by which living things undergo gaseous exchange with the environment. Respiration produces some wastes such as;
water vapor and carbon dioxide in animalsOxygen in plantsHence, waste products of respiration are removed when carbon dioxide is removed by respiratory organs.
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Which of the following is a sign of food spoilage?
-a. Soil on unwashed vegetables
-b. Bruised fruit
-c. Bulging or leaking cans
-d. Cloudy egg whites (albumin)
The sign that shows food spoilage is bulging or leaking cans. That is option C.
Food substances can be stored or preserved to prolong the nutritive values and shelf life of the food.
Food spoilage occurs when environmental factors such as:
Light, oxygen, heat, humidity, temperature and spoilage bacteriacauses food to become unsuitable for consumption.
For canned products, bulging or leaking cans shows the food content has deteriorated.
This shows some ongoing fermentation by a spoilage bacteria causing the can to bulge and eventually leak out.
Therefore, the sign that shows food spoilage is bulging or leaking cans.
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6. All of the following are renewable resources except for:
A. fossil fuels
B. soil
C. water
D. forests
a - fossil fuels
step by step explanation:
fossil fuels are non-renewable and will run out
Which of these could be a consequence of a mutation in one of an organism's
sex cells?
O A. The loss of the organism's ability to reproduce
B. The disruption of protein synthesis in the organism
O C. The transfer of the mutation to one of the organism's offspring
D. The ultimate death of the organism
Answer:
c
Explanation:
When an egg and a sperm cell unite, the resulting fertilized egg cell receives DNA from both parents.
WILL GIVE BRAINLEST Why do plants store some of the food they produce?
A. to live through periods when they already have too much food
B.to have tough structures for defense
C.to provide food for other plants
D.to survive periods when they cannot make enough food
Answer:
D is your answer
Explanation:
there are times when plats cant photosynthesis to make food. So they rely on their food storage so they don't die.
Most binary ionic compounds are also called metals.
A. True
B. False
Help help help help buissness
Explanation:
B . Pa brainlist hope it helps I'm new here
what is biological success
Answer:
The success of an individual organism in passing on its genes to the next generation is a measure of its biological success. A person's genetic information is passed down through the generations through their offspring.
Explanation:
In Culinary class, Jennifer roads a recipe that noods wited spinach and decides to use salt to propare the leaves. She places the spinach in a solution of 8% salt, which causes the plant cols to shrink
since they normally have an internal salt concentration of 0.9% salt. Which statement best explains why the cells shrink?
Sall causes the cell membrane to swet and absorb water trom the cytoplam
Sat moves from the 8 sal solution into the cell and chemically bind with water
Water moestrom the cell through the cell membrane to an area of lower water concentration
O Water moves from a lower concentration of water in colis cytoplasm into the nucles and colorganelles
The cell shrinks because of the movement of water away from the cell into the more concentrated salt solution.
Osmosis is the movement of water from one region to another through a semi - permeable membrane. A hypertonic solution contains more solute than the cell.
In this case, the external salt solution is hypertonic because it contains a 8% salt concentration whereas the cell contains only a 0.9% salt concentration. As such, water moves out of the cell into the solution.
The cell shrinks because of the movement of water away from the cell into the more concentrated salt solution.
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What properties do all solids share?
Answer:
Solids have many different properties, including conductivity, malleability, density, hardness, and optical transmission, to name a few.
Explanation:
dont know why my answer got deleted but here's a different answer :'(
How does the carbon stored in the bodies of living organisms move into rocks?(1 point)
Carbon dioxide released through respiration dissolves in certain rocks, like limestone.
Living organisms decay, releasing carbon into the soil, and soil is compacted into rocks.
Living organisms decay and become fossils fuels, which eventually become rocks.
Carbon dioxide dissolves in ocean water and is slowly absorbed by rocks in the ocean.
In the atmosphere, carbon is stored in the form of gases, such as carbon dioxide. ... This carbon can then be ingested and stored in animals that eat the plants. When the animals die, they decompose, and their remains become sediment, trapping the stored carbon in layers that eventually turn into rock or minerals.
When animals die, their bodies degrade into the soil, encasing the carbon in layers that eventually transform into rock or minerals. hence option b is correct.
What is rock?Stone including limestone and its minerals is created when sediment and shell layers are bonded together over time.
Gases like carbon dioxide are among the forms of carbon that are stored in the atmosphere. Animals that consume the plants can then absorb and store this carbon.
When animals die, their bodies degrade into silt, encasing the carbon in layers that eventually transform into rock or minerals. Some of this silt may eventually turn into fossil fuels like coal, oil, or natural gas, which when burned, release carbon back into the atmosphere.
Therefore, when an animal dies to decompose into the soil which becomes rocks through carbon from living organisms moves into rocks, hence option b is correct.
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What is Ecological Sustainability? What happens if we use all of our planet's resources without replacing them?
Answer:
Ecologically sustainable development is the environmental component of sustainable development. It can be achieved partially through the use of the precautionary principle. The precautionary principle (or precautionary approach) is a broad epistemological, philosophical and legal approach to innovations with potential for causing harm when extensive scientific knowledge on the matter is lacking. It emphasizes caution, pausing and review before leaping into new innovations that may prove disastrous
Explanation:
Match each energy source with the correct disadvantage.
1. carbon dioxide emissions cause global warming
coal
2. drilling destroys habitats and ecosystems
hydroelectric power
3. dams prevent salmon from swimming upstream
nuclear power
4. radioactive waste is dangerous to all living organisms
oil
I WILL MARK YOU BRAINLYSSSSS
Which of the following correctly lists functions of
proteins?
Explanation:
The correct answer is providing structure, regulating cell processes and creating movement
What quantity can be expressed in Joules/sec? A.work B.none of these C.force
Answer:
force and work is expressed in joules
so the answer would be none of these
Is it possible for social experience to make someone homosexual, or are homosexuals born with such a tendency?
Social experience is the main factor. No many are born thinking you know imma be gay
Gay people are simply born that way. No trauma made our preference for the opposite gender, and nobody is born straight or gay either.
Based on the diagram,which statement is NOT true?