Calculate how much solid NaH2PO4•H20 and Na2HPO4 are required to prepare 50.00 mL of a 0.100 M buffer that is 0.0500 M in NaH2PO4 and has a pH of 7.20?

Answer:

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Explanation:

CoolBoiAmeen

Taking into account definition of reaction stoichiometry, 3.67 grams of N₂ are produced from the reaction of 8.92 g of H₂O₂ and 5.53 g of N₂H₄.

The balanced reaction is:

2 H₂O₂ + N₂H₄ → 4 H₂O + N₂

By reaction stoichiometry (that is, the relationship between the amount of reagents and products in a chemical reaction), the following amounts of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:

The molar mass of the compounds is:

By reaction stoichiometry, the following mass quantities of each compound participate in the reaction:

The limiting reactant is the reactant that in a chemical reaction determines, discloses or limits the amount of product formed, and causes a specific or limiting concentration; that is, it is the reactant that produces the least amount of product.

To determine the limiting reagent, it is possible to use a simple rule of three as follows: if by stoichiometry 32 grams of N₂H₄ reacts with 68 grams of H₂O₂, 5.53 grams of N₂H₄ reacts with how much mass of H₂O₂?

mass of H₂O₂= (5.53 grams of N₂H₄×68 grams of K)÷32 grams of N₂H₄

mass of H₂O₂= 11.75 grams

But 11.75 grams of H₂O₂ are not available, 8.92 grams are available. Since you have less mass than you need to react with 5.53 grams of N₂H₄, H₂O₂ will be the limiting reagent.

Considering the limiting reagent, the following rule of three can be applied: if by reaction stoichiometry 68 grams of H₂O₂ form 28 grams of N₂, 8.92 grams of H₂O₂ form how much mass of N₂?

mass of N₂= (8.92 grams of H₂O₂× 28 grams of N₂)÷68 grams of H₂O₂

mass of N₂= 3.67 grams

Finally, 3.67 grams of N₂ can be produced.

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To convert the volume of Substance A to the volume of Substance B at STP, you can use the principle of molar volume, which states that one mole of any gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP) occupies a volume of 22.4 liters. Here are the steps:

Determine the number of moles of Substance A using its volume and molar volume at STP:

Number of moles of Substance A = Volume of Substance A / Molar volume at STP (22.4 L)

STP stands for "Standard Temperature and Pressure," which is a set of standard conditions used for measuring and comparing physical and chemical properties of gases.

The standard temperature is typically defined as 0 degrees Celsius (273.15 Kelvin), while the standard pressure is typically defined as 1 atmosphere (atm) or 101.325 kilopascals (kPa). At STP, one mole of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4 liters.

STP is commonly used in chemistry and physics to compare gas volumes, to determine molar masses, and to calculate other properties of gases. It is also useful for converting between different units of gas volume, pressure, and temperature.

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The number of moles of A will decrease. This causes a decrease in pressure which will lead to a shift in equilibrium towards reactants.

Addition of A: The addition of A will cause the equilibrium to shift forward. This is because A is added to the reactants side, so the number of moles of A will increase. This causes an increase in pressure which will lead to a shift in equilibrium toward products. Addition of B: The addition of B will cause the equilibrium to reverse. This is because B is added to the product side, so the number of moles of B will increase. This causes an increase in pressure which will lead to a shift in equilibrium towards reactants. Removal of C: The removal of C will cause no shift in equilibrium. This is because C is removed from the reactants side, but the number of moles of C will remain unchanged. Removal of D: The removal of D will cause no shift in equilibrium. This is because D is removed from the product side, but the number of moles of D will remain unchanged.

Addition of E: The addition of E will cause the equilibrium to shift forward. This is because E is added to the product side, so the number of moles of E will increase. This causes an increase in pressure which will lead to a shift in equilibrium toward products. Removal of A: The removal of A will cause the equilibrium to reverse. This is because A is removed from the reactant's side.

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The statement that is TRUE is: "Vinegar is moderate to highly acidic."

Vinegar has a pH of about 2-3, which indicates that it is an acidic substance. pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, where pH 0 is the most acidic.

Vinegar is a liquid consisting mainly of acetic acid and water. It is typically made through a fermentation process where sugar is first converted to alcohol by yeast and then further oxidized to acetic acid by bacteria.

Vinegar has been used for thousands of years as a condiment, preservative, and for medicinal purposes. It is commonly used in cooking, food preservation, and as a cleaning agent. Different types of vinegar can be made from various sources such as grapes, apples, rice, malted barley, and many others, and each type has a unique flavor and acidity level. Some popular types of vinegar include white vinegar, red wine vinegar, apple cider vinegar, and balsamic vinegar.

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In any organic redox reaction, the reduced and oxidized molecules can be identified by the difference in charge between the products and the reactants. Reduction results in an increase in charge, while oxidation causes a decrease in charge.

Redox is a sort of chemical process in which the oxidation states of the substrate change . When electrons are lost or the oxidation state increases, it is called oxidation; when they are gained or the oxidation state decreases, it is called reduction.

Redox reactions fall into one of two categories:

Only one electron (typically) moves from the reducing agent to the oxidant during an electron transfer. It is common to talk about this kind of redox reaction in terms of redox couples and electrode potentials.

A transfer of an atom occurs when one substrate gives way to another. For instance, as iron rusts, the oxidation state of the iron atoms increases as the iron transforms into an oxide, while the oxidation state of oxygen falls as it absorbs oxygen. Other chemical species can perform the same function, despite the fact that oxidation reactions are frequently linked to the production of oxides. Hydrogen atoms are transferred during the hydrogenation process to diminish C=C (and other) bonds.

For example, if a reaction produces a molecule with a +1 charge and a reactant with a -1 charge, the product has been reduced and the reactant has been oxidized.

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At 769 K, the rate constant equals 2.22 1/min.

The final expression is either k=A or k=A. This implies that the response rate will be equal to the value of the collision frequency rather than the temperature when the activation energy is zero.

The Arrhenius equation, which connects the rate constant (k) to the activation energy (Ea) and temperature (T), can be used to solve this issue:

[tex]A = * exp (-Ea / (R * T))[/tex]

With the rate constant (k) at 475 K, we can utilize this knowledge to calculate the pre-exponential factor (A) as follows:

0.0450 1/min = A * exp(-13.6 kJ/mol / (8.314 J/mol•K * 475 K))

[tex]A = 5.74 x 10^9 min^-1[/tex]

The rate constant (k) at 769 K can now be calculated using the Arrhenius equation once more as follows:

[tex]k = 5.74 x 10^9 min^-1[/tex] * exp(-13.6 kJ/mol / (8.314 J/mol•K * 769 K))

k = 2.22 1/min (rounded to two significant figures)

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the arrows show the amount so sodium chloride is 38g at 40 degrees

The correct answer is c. Single-Replacement.

Synthesis and Decomposition reactions can be reversible, meaning they can proceed in both the forward and reverse directions, whereas Single-Replacement reactions are typically irreversible, meaning they only proceed in one direction.

What is Decomposition?

This process is usually initiated by the addition of energy in the form of heat, light, or electricity, or by the action of a catalyst.

During a decomposition reaction, the original compound is broken down into its constituent parts, which can include elements, smaller molecules, or ions. For example, the decomposition of water (H2O) can produce hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2):

2H2O → 2H2 + O2

In a Single-Replacement reaction, one element replaces another element in a compound, forming a new compound and releasing a free element. This type of reaction is typically irreversible because once the replacement has occurred, it is difficult or impossible to reverse the process and put the original elements back together.

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Answer:

require less

Explanation:

If the concentration of the NaOH solution is increased from 0.1 M to 0.5 M, then the number of moles of NaOH present in a given volume of solution will increase by a factor of 5. This means that the same volume of 0.5 M NaOH solution will contain 5 times more moles of NaOH than the same volume of 0.1 M NaOH solution.

In a titration, the amount of NaOH solution required to reach the endpoint is determined by the amount of HCl present in the solution being titrated. If the concentration of NaOH is increased, then fewer moles of NaOH will be required to neutralize the same number of moles of HCl.

Therefore, if the concentration of the NaOH solution was increased from 0.1 M to 0.5 M, then the titration would require less NaOH solution for a complete reaction.

A)The number of moles of copper in the penny is 0.048 moles.

B)the mass of the undissolved penny is also 3.067 g.

C)the molarity of the Cu2+ ion in the solution is 0.192 M.

A. In order to calculate the number of moles of copper in the penny, we can use the following formula: moles of copper = mass (g) / molar mass (g/mol). The mass of the penny is 3.067 g and the molar mass of copper is 63.55 g/mol, so the number of moles of copper in the penny is 0.048 moles.

B. The undissolved penny is removed when the reaction stops. Since the mass of the penny is 3.067 g, the mass of the undissolved penny is also 3.067 g.

C. The molarity of the Cu2+ ion in the solution can be calculated using the following formula: molarity = moles of Cu2+ / volume of solution (L). The number of moles of Cu2+ is 0.048 moles, and the volume of the solution is 0.250 L, so the molarity of the Cu2+ ion in the solution is 0.192 M.

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A few statements may be true regarding a biochemical oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction. The statements are as follows: A redox reaction occurs when there is a transfer of electrons between molecules or atoms.

The electron donor becomes oxidized, and the electron acceptor is reduced, causing a transfer of energy. A redox reaction produces ATP, which is the primary energy currency of the cell. Oxidation and reduction are complementary reactions that occur simultaneously in the same reaction, resulting in the release of energy. Redox reactions are vital in metabolic pathways, and the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD+ are essential in these reactions. Oxygen is frequently used as a final electron acceptor in redox reactions. Redox reactions can also occur in non-cellular environments, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and combustion. The significance of redox reactions is enormous, and they play an essential role in sustaining life on earth. They help in generating energy, breaking down complex molecules, synthesizing molecules, and many other cellular processes.

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Answer: 55.5 oC is 0.014 atm (3rd decimal point)

Explanation:

The Clausius-Clapeyron equation is given as:

ln(P2/P1) = -(ΔH_vap/R) * (1/T2 - 1/T1)

where:

P1 = vapor pressure at temperature T1

P2 = vapor pressure at temperature T2

ΔH_vap = enthalpy of vaporization

R = gas constant = 8.314 J/(mol*K)

Converting the enthalpy of vaporization to J/mol:

ΔH_vap = 35.2 kJ/mol = 35,200 J/mol

Converting temperatures to Kelvin:

T1 = 64.7 + 273.15 = 337.85 K

T2 = 55.5 + 273.15 = 328.65 K

Substituting the values into the equation and solving for P2:

ln(P2/1 atm) = -(35,200 J/mol / 8.314 J/(mol*K)) * (1/328.65 K - 1/337.85 K)

ln(P2/1 atm) = -4.231

P2/1 atm = e^(-4.231)

P2 = 0.014 atm

Therefore, the vapor pressure for methanol at 55.5 oC is 0.014 atm, to the third decimal point.

The maximum number of electrons that can occupy the 1s sub-shell is 2, the 3p sub-shell is 6, the 3d sub-shell is 10, and the 6g sub-shell is 32.

For the 1s sub-shell, due to the Pauli Exclusion Principle, two electrons of opposite spin can exist in the same orbital. This means that there is a maximum of two electrons that can occupy the 1s sub-shell. For the 3p sub-shell, three orbitals exist with a maximum of two electrons each. Since two electrons of opposite spin can occupy each orbital, there is a maximum of six electrons that can occupy the 3p sub-shell. For the 3d sub-shell, five orbitals exist with a maximum of two electrons each. Since two electrons of opposite spin can occupy each orbital, there is a maximum of 10 electrons that can occupy the 3d sub-shell. Finally, for the 6g sub-shell, seven orbitals exist with a maximum of two electrons each. Since two electrons of opposite spin can occupy each orbital, there is a maximum of 32 electrons that can occupy the 6g sub-shell.

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All of the groups of substances involve the use of chemicals from the question that we have here.

Chemicals are essential to life and to many industries, including agriculture, medicine, manufacturing, and technology. They can be found in everyday objects such as food, clothing, electronics, and cleaning products.

Chemicals can be classified into various categories based on their properties, chemical structure, and uses. Some common categories of chemicals include:

Elements: Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Examples include carbon, oxygen, and gold.

Compounds: Substances composed of two or more elements chemically bonded together. Examples include water (H2O) and table salt (NaCl).

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Which of the following groups of substances involve the use of chemicals? Indicate all that apply.

Check all that apply.

Which of the following groups of substances involve the use of chemicals? Indicate all that apply.Check all that apply.

A light-weight bicycle frame, food packaging, a car exhaust catalytic converter

Soap, shampoo, washing powder

Antiseptic cream, pain killers, energy drinks

Paints, printer toner, food coloring

Computer displays, LED lights, barcode readers

the final temperature of the system is 7.3°C.

The pH of 0.335 M trimethylammonium chloride, (CH3)3NHCI is approximately 5.676.

What is pH?

To find the pH of the solution, we need to first determine if (CH3)3NHCI acts as an acid or base. Since (CH3)3NHCI is a salt composed of a weak base, trimethylamine, and a strong acid, hydrochloric acid (HCI), it will undergo hydrolysis in water.

The hydrolysis reaction is given by:

(CH3)3NH+ (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ (CH3)3N (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

The Kb expression for the equilibrium reaction is:

Kb = [ (CH3)3N ] [ H3O+ ] / [ (CH3)3NH+ ]

Since (CH3)3NH+ and HCl dissociate completely in water, the initial concentration of (CH3)3NH+ is equal to the concentration of (CH3)3NHCI, which is 0.335 M.

Using the Kb value given, we can solve for the concentration of H3O+:

Kb = 6.3 x [tex]10^{-5}[/tex] = [ (CH3)3N ] [ H3O+ ] / 0.335

[ H3O+ ] = Kb x (CH3)3NH+ / (CH3)3N

[ H3O+ ] = 6.3 x [tex]10^{-5}[/tex] x 0.335 / 1

[ H3O+ ] = 2.1095 x [tex]10^{-6}[/tex] M

Finally, we can calculate the pH using the expression:

pH = -log [H3O+]

pH = -log (2.1095 x [tex]10^{-6}[/tex])

pH = 5.676

Therefore, the pH of the solution is approximately 5.676.

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Complete question is: The pH of 0.335 M trimethylammonium chloride, (CH3)3NHCI is approximately 5.676.

The functional group in alcohol is a hydroxyl group (-OH), in phenol, it is a hydroxyl group attached to a benzene ring, and in ether, it is an oxygen atom (-O-) between two alkyl or aryl groups.

Given that the question asks to identify each of the following compounds as an alcohol, a phenol, or an ether. The question seems to be incomplete as there are no options or compounds mentioned. However, given below is a general explanation of the three compounds -Alcohol: Alcohol is a compound that contains a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) that is attached to a carbon atom. The hydroxyl group in alcohol makes it polar and thus, able to form hydrogen bonds. Alcohol is used as a solvent, fuel, and disinfectant. Phenol: Phenol is an aromatic compound that contains a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a benzene ring. It is used in the production of detergents, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. Phenol is used as a disinfectant and anesthetic. Ether: Ether is an organic compound that contains an oxygen atom between two alkyl or aryl groups. It is a colorless, volatile, and highly flammable liquid that is used as a solvent and as a starting material in the synthesis of organic compounds. To identify a compound as an alcohol, phenol, or ether, we need to examine the functional groups in the molecule.

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Answer:

Ca is a reducing agent and O is the oxidizing agent.

Explanation:

calcium is the reducing agent as it reduces oxygen while it oxidize itself and oxygen is an oxidising agent because it oxidized others and reduces itself. in this equation oxygen is reducing and Calcium is oxidising. and as it is stated in the definition that oxidizing agent is the agent which oxidises others and reduces itself and it is also stated that reducing agent reduces others and oxidize itself. so based on this statement calcium is reducing agent and O is a oxidizing agent.

21.16 mL of 0.250 M HNO3 is required to titrate (neutralize) a solution containing 0.297 g of KOH.

To solve this problem, we need to use the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between HNO3 and KOH, which is:

HNO3 + KOH → KNO3 + H2O

From the equation, we can see that one mole of HNO3 reacts with one mole of KOH.

First, we need to determine the number of moles of KOH in 0.297 g of KOH:

mass of KOH = 0.297 g

molar mass of KOH = 56.11 g/mol

number of moles of KOH = mass/molar mass = 0.297 g/56.11 g/mol = 0.00529 mol

Since one mole of HNO3 reacts with one mole of KOH, we need 0.00529 moles of HNO3 to neutralize the KOH.

Now, we can use the molarity and the number of moles of HNO3 to calculate the required volume of HNO3:

Molarity of HNO3 = 0.250 M

Number of moles of HNO3 = 0.00529 mol

Volume of HNO3 = Number of moles of HNO3/Molarity of HNO3

Volume of HNO3 = 0.00529 mol/0.250 mol/L

The volume of HNO3 = 0.02116 L or 21.16 mL

Therefore, 21.16 mL of 0.250 M HNO3 is required to titrate (neutralize) a solution containing 0.297 g of KOH.

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The glycolytic intermediate that can be used directly for the synthesis of glycerol-3-phosphate is dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).

Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, which can then be used for energy production through cellular respiration. It is a universal pathway that occurs in nearly all living organisms, including both aerobic and anaerobic organisms.

During glycolysis, glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate through a series of enzymatic reactions, with the production of ATP and NADH. The process begins with the phosphorylation of glucose by hexokinase to form glucose-6-phosphate, which is then converted into fructose-6-phosphate by the enzyme phosphohexose isomerase. This is followed by a series of reactions that involve the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and then into pyruvate.

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The best material for numerical dating using the radioactive decay of carbon-14 is organic material, such as bone, wood, shell, and other remains.

Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon that has a half-life of about 5,730 years. This means that when it decays, its levels will be halved after 5,730 years. Carbon-14 is present in the atmosphere and is absorbed by living organisms during their lifetime. After the organism dies, it no longer absorbs new carbon-14, so the carbon-14 levels in the remains remain constant over time. Scientists can use this information to measure the age of the remains by measuring the remaining carbon-14 levels. This type of dating is known as radiocarbon dating or carbon-14 dating. Organic material is best suited for this type of dating because it is the only material that can absorb and contain carbon-14. Inorganic material such as rocks and minerals does not contain carbon-14, so they are not suitable for carbon-14 dating.

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The complete question is

Which of the following would be best suited to the carbon-14(C) dating technique?

a. materials more than 100,000 years old

b. volcanic rock

c. sedimentary rock

d. metals

e. certain organic materials less than 75,000 years old

The volume of the container is approximately 6.03 L if the oxygen gas is at room temperature and pressure.

What is pressure ?

Pressure is a physical quantity that measures the force exerted per unit area. It is a measure of how much force is distributed over a certain area. Pressure is important in many areas of science and engineering, including fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and materials science.

At standard temperature and pressure (STP), which is commonly defined as a temperature of 0°C (273.15 K) and a pressure of 1 atm (101.3 kPa), the molar volume of any ideal gas is 22.4 L/mol. However, in this problem, we are given the amount of gas in moles and not at STP, so we need to use the ideal gas law to solve for the volume.

The ideal gas law is given by the equation:

PV = nRT

where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the universal gas constant (0.08206 L·atm/(mol·K)), and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

We are given that the container holds 0.25 moles of oxygen gas. The temperature is not specified, but we are told that the gas is at room temperature, which is typically around 20°C (293.15 K). The pressure is also not specified, but we can assume that it is approximately equal to the standard atmospheric pressure of 1 atm.

Plugging in these values into the ideal gas law equation, we get:

V = (nRT)/P

V = (0.25 mol)(0.08206 L·atm/(mol·K))(293.15 K)/1 atm

V = 6.03 L

Therefore, the volume of the container is approximately 6.03 L if the oxygen gas is at room temperature and pressure.

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Answer:

B. 6

Explanation:

chatgpt

coursehero

carbon atom has six protons, six neutrons, and six electrons.

The element in question here is E, and its chemical formula with oxygen is EO2.  the electronic configuration of the ion formed from E in EO2 is 1s²2s²2p⁶.

Electronic configuration refers to the distribution of electrons among different energy levels and subshells of an atom. When E forms a compound with oxygen, it loses two electrons to form a cation with a 2+ charge. This cation is written as E2+ and has an electronic configuration of 1s²2s²2p⁶. The electronic configuration of E before it forms a compound with oxygen can be found by considering its position in the periodic table. E is in the third row and fourth column of the periodic table, which means that it has three energy levels and four valence electrons.

Therefore, its electronic configuration is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p². When E forms a compound with oxygen, it loses two valence electrons from its outermost energy level, which is the third energy level in this case. This results in the formation of E2+ ions with an electronic configuration of 1s²2s²2p⁶. Thus, the electronic configuration of the ion formed from E in EO2 is 1s²2s²2p⁶.

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The empirical formula, CH2O9(menthol) is multiplied by 5 to get the molecular formula, C10H20O.The empirical and molecular formula for menthol are CH2O and C10H20O, respectively.

The molecular formula for menthol is C5H10O.

This can be determined by dividing the molar mass of the empirical formula (156.26 g/mol) by the molar mass of CO2 (44.01 g/mol). This gives a ratio of 3.55, which is equal to the ratio of C atoms in the empirical formula, C10H20O.

Therefore, the molecular formula is C5H10O.
Given:

Menthol is composed of C, H, and O0.1005g sample of menthol is combusted and produces0.2829g of CO2 0.1159g H2O

1. Find: Empirical and molecular formula for menthol.

Let's first calculate the number of moles of CO2 produced. The balanced equation for combustion of menthol is:

C10H20O(s) + 12O2(g) → 10CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)

From the above equation, we can see that for 10 moles of CO2 produced 1 mole of menthol is required.

2. By taking the number of moles of CO2 produced, we can calculate the number of moles of menthol burned.

Moles of CO2 = 0.2829g / 44.01g/mol= 0.00643 mol

C10H20O(s) + 12O2(g) → 10CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)

From the balanced equation,1 mole of C10H20O requires 10 moles of CO2

Moles of C10H20O burned = 10 * 0.00643= 0.0643 mol

Next, we can calculate the number of moles of H2O produced.

Moles of H2O = 0.1159g / 18.015g/mol= 0.00643 mol

C10H20O(s) + 12O2(g) → 10CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)

From the balanced equation,1 mole of C10H20O requires 10 moles of H2O

Moles of C10H20O burned = 10 * 0.00643= 0.0643 mol

3. Now we can calculate the empirical formula of menthol. The empirical formula can be calculated as follows:

Empirical formula = CH2O (Divide all moles by smallest moles) The molecular weight of CH2O = 30 g/mol

The empirical formula mass of the compound is:

mass = (12.011 + 2*1.008 + 15.999) = 30.026

Empirical formula mass of CH2O is 30.026g/mol, and the given sample weighs 0.1005 g.
The number of empirical formula units in the sample is 0.1005 g / 30.026 g/mol = 0.003348Units.

Empirical formula = CH2OThe empirical formula weight of menthol is CH2O, which is equal to 30.026g/mol.

4. To find the molecular formula, we need to know the molecular weight of the menthol. We can calculate it as follows:

Molecular formula mass = Empirical formula mass x n

Where n = integer Molecular formula mass of menthol is 156 g/mol, and the empirical formula mass is 30.026 g/mol.

So, n = 156 g/mol ÷ 30.026 g/mol = 5.192

Thus the empirical formula, CH2O is multiplied by 5 to get the molecular formula, C10H20O.The empirical and molecular formula for menthol are CH2O and C10H20O, respectively.

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Answer:

Democritus of Abdera

Explanation:

Leucippus of Miletus (5th century bce) is thought to have originated the atomic philosophy. His famous disciple, Democritus of Abdera, named the building blocks of matter atomos, meaning literally “indivisible,” about 430 bce.

Option (d) is correct. Toluene undergo undergo nitration in HNO3/H2SO4 to yield a product mixture with the highest ortho : para ratio. Because toluene has less steric hindrance.

Toluene is defined as a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon. Toluene is a colorless, water-insoluble liquid with the smell associated with paint thinners. Toluene is a mono-substituted benzene derivative consisting of a methyl group attached to a phenyl group. The IUPAC name of toluene is methylbenzene. Steric hindrance is defined as the slowing of chemical reactions due to steric bulk. Steric hindrance manifested in intermolecular reactions whereas discussion of steric effects often focus on intramolecular interactions. It is often exploited to control selectivity such as slowing unwanted side-reactions.

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The complete question is,

Which of the following mono alkyl benzenes undergo nitration in HNO3/H2SO4 to yield a product mixture with the highest ortho : para ratio ?

A. ethylbenzene

B. propyl benzene

C. tert-butylbenzene

D. toluene