Answer:
it should be A
Step-by-step explanation:
because yes.
The given Feistel cipher's predictable key scheduling algorithm, where later round keys are derived from earlier ones, exposes a vulnerability.
The given Feistel cipher with sixteen rounds, a block length of 128 bits, and a key length of 128 bits is designed with a vulnerability that can be exploited using a chosen plaintext attack. The vulnerability lies in the key scheduling algorithm, where the later round keys are derived from the earlier ones in a predictable manner.
Here's how an attacker can decrypt a ciphertext c and determine the corresponding plaintext m using just a single oracle query, demonstrating the vulnerability to a chosen plaintext attack:
Initialization: The attacker starts by selecting a random plaintext p of 128 bits. They use an encryption oracle to obtain the corresponding ciphertext c'.
Oracle Query: Now, the attacker constructs a modified ciphertext c'' by flipping a single bit in the ciphertext c'. This effectively changes a single bit in one of the blocks after the final round of encryption.
Decryption Query: The attacker submits the modified ciphertext c'' to the encryption oracle. The oracle performs the decryption process, which involves reversing the encryption rounds.
Observation: The attacker now has two pieces of information:
The oracle's response for the modified ciphertext, which corresponds to the decrypted value of c''.
The decrypted value of c', which is equivalent to the original plaintext p.
Exploiting Vulnerability: Due to the predictable key scheduling algorithm, the attacker knows that the same round keys are used in both the decryption of c'' and the decryption of c' (which is equal to p). The attacker can observe the differences between the decrypted values of c'' and c', and from these differences, they can infer how the cipher processed the specific bit that was flipped.
Backtracking and Deriving Key Information: By analyzing the differences in the decryption results, the attacker can infer information about the round keys used in the process. Specifically, they can determine the values of the round keys used in the earlier rounds, up to round 8.
Reconstructing Decryption Process: Armed with the round key information, the attacker can reconstruct the decryption process used by the cipher. They know the round keys for rounds 1 to 8, and due to the vulnerability in the key scheduling algorithm, they can deduce the round keys for rounds 9 to 16.
Decrypting the Ciphertext: With a complete understanding of the decryption process, the attacker can decrypt the original ciphertext c to obtain the corresponding plaintext m.
This attack demonstrates that the vulnerability in the key scheduling algorithm and the predictable nature of key derivation lead to a situation where an attacker can determine the round keys with just one oracle query. This makes the cipher susceptible to chosen plaintext attacks, undermining its security.
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10. The GCD of two numbers is 8 and their
LCM is 360. If one of the numbers is 72,
what is the other number?
Two angles are supplementary. One angle is 36 degrees bigger than the other. What is the measure of the bigger angle
let the other angle be x degree
bigger angle = x +36°
According to the question,
x+36° + x° = 180°
=> 2x = 180–36
=> x = 144/2
=> x = 72°
Measure of the bigger angle = x + 36
= 72° + 36°
= 108°
1 If 3, p, q, 9 are in the geometric sequence, find the value of p and q. 9.
Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
1/3 p, 9,9 are in the geometric sequence
9/ ( 1 1/3) = 27
3^3 = 27
So -- p = 1/3 x 3 = 1
q= 1 x 3 = 3
3 x 3=9
(4s+3)(4s–3) i really neeed help
Answer:
16s^2 -9
Step-by-step explanation:
(4s+3)(4s–3)
FOIL
first : 4x*4x = 16s^2
outer -3 *4s = -12s
inner 3*4s = 12s
last = 3* -3 = -9
Add them together
16s^2 -12s+12s -9
Combine like terms
16s^2 -9
If O is an angle in standard position and its terminal side passes through the point
(-35,-12), find the exact value of sin 0 in simplest radical form.
[tex](\stackrel{a}{-35}~~,~~\stackrel{b}{-12})\qquad \impliedby \textit{let's find the \underline{hypotenuse}} \\\\\\ \textit{using the pythagorean theorem} \\\\ c^2=a^2+b^2\implies c = \sqrt{a^2+b^2} \qquad \begin{cases} c=hypotenuse\\ a=adjacent\\ b=opposite\\ \end{cases} \\\\\\ c=\sqrt{(-35)^2+(-12)^2}\implies c=\sqrt{1225+144}\implies c=\sqrt{1369} \\\\\\ \underline{c=37}~\hspace{10em}sin(\theta )=\cfrac{\stackrel{opposite}{-12}}{\underset{hypotenuse}{37}}[/tex]
What is the domain of the following graph?
Answer:
[0,9]
Step-by-step explanation:
The domain is the first set of the ordered pair. When finding the domain you are supposed to find which x value it starts from to where it ends. The x value starts from 0 and ends and the 9th unit on the x-axis which would give us 0,9 now since both points are closed you would use these symbols [ ] to show that it is closed meaning the answer would be [0,9]
Note:
I'm sorry if this is wrong but this is what I believe the answer is.
Please help me I don´t get it?
Find an equation of a line that is parallel to y = 3x - 9 and passes through
the point (1, 1). *
Answer:
y=3x-2
Step-by-step explanation:
For this problem, you can use the point-slope formula: y-y1=m(x-x1), with x1 and y1 being from the given coordinate, and m being the slope (which is 3 that can be seen in the equation). Since we're finding a line that is parallel to this line, the slopes of both equations are the same.
y-(1)=3(x-1)
y-1=3x-3
y=3x-2
Check:
(1)=3(1)-2
1=3-2
1=1
[tex]y=3x-2[/tex] is an equation of a line that is parallel to [tex]y = 3x - 9[/tex] and passes through the point [tex](1, 1).[/tex]
What is equation?
In mathematics, an equation is a formula that expresses the equality of two expressions, by connecting them with the equals sign =.
What is Parallel lines?
In geometry, parallel lines are coplanar straight lines that do not intersect at any point. Parallel planes are planes in the same three-dimensional space that never meet.
According to question, we have to write an equation of a line that is parallel to [tex]y = 3x - 9[/tex] and passes through the point [tex](1, 1)[/tex]
Since, the line passes through [tex](1,1)[/tex] and have slope[tex]=3[/tex]
So, [tex]y-(1)=3(x-1)[/tex]
⇒ [tex]y-1=3x-3[/tex]
⇒ [tex]y=3x-2[/tex]
Hence, we can conclude that [tex]y=3x-2[/tex] is an equation of a line that is parallel to [tex]y = 3x - 9[/tex] and passes through the point [tex](1, 1).[/tex]
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Is 10, 24, 13 a Pythagorean Tripe? Explain
Answer:
car
Step-by-step explanation:
There is a pair of parallel sides in the following shape.
2 12 13 7
What is the area of the shape?
___units
The area of the shape is the amount of space on the shape
Using the assumed parameters, the area of the shape is 25 square units
How to determine the area?The question is incomplete, as the shape is not given.
Assume the shape is a trapezoid, the area of the shape would be:
A = 0.5 * (sum of parallels sides) * height
Using the assumed values, we have:
Area = 0.5 * (12 + 13) * 2
Evaluate the product
Area = 25
Using the assumed values, the area of the shape is 25 square units
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Answer:
54
Step-by-step explanation:
The length of a side of a square is (2x + 9) km. Find the area of the square in terms of the variable x.
Why do people engage in various ?
Answer:
When and why do people engage in different forms of proactive behavior at work? We propose that as a result of a process of trait activation, employees with different types of self-construal engage in distinct forms of proactive behavior if they work in environments consistent with their self-construals. In an experimental Study 1 (n = 61), we examined the effect of self-construals on proactivity and found that people primed with interdependent self-construals engaged in more work unit–oriented proactive behavior when job interdependence was also manipulated. Priming independent self-construals did not enhance career-oriented proactive behavior, even when we manipulated job autonomy. In a field Study 2 (n = 205), we found that employees with interdependent self-construals working in jobs with high interdependence reported higher work unit commitment and higher work unit–oriented proactive behavior compared to employees in low interdependent jobs. Employees with independent self-construals working in jobs with high autonomy also exhibited stronger career commitment and more career-oriented proactive behavior than did those in jobs with low autonomy. This research offers a theoretical framework to explain how dispositional and situational factors interactively shape people’s engagement in different forms of proactive behavior.
Step-by-step explanation:
What measure of center best represents the data set? Drag and drop the correct answer into the box. Data Set Best Measure of Center {27, 29, 26, 28, 25}.
The measure of center best represents the data set is Mean or Median.
Given
Data Set Best Measure of Center {27, 29, 26, 28, 25}.
What is the mean of the data set?The mean is the average of a set of data.
The mean is found by finding the sum of the data and then dividing the sum by the number of data.
The mean of the given data set is;
[tex]\rm Mean = \dfrac{27+29+26+28+25}{5}\\\\Mean =\dfrac{135}{5}\\\\Mean =27[/tex]
Arranging the data set in the ascending order
{25, 26, 27, 28, 29}
The median is defined as the middle value of the given data set.
The median of the data set is 27.
Hence, the measure of center best represents the data set is Mean or Median.
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HELP FAST IM GETTING TIMED PLEASE ILL MARK BRAINLIEST
Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
for every 10c there is 30c. for every 20c there is 125c.
What is the solution to the system of equations?
2x + y - Z= 7
- X- 2y – 2z = -9
X + 3y - 32= 6
A : (3,-2,1)
B : (3,2,-1)
C : (3,2,1)
D : (-3.2,1)
Answer:
the answer is b
Step-by-step explanation:
bc i just this it is
lmc of x^2-4 and x^2-5x-14
Answer:
[tex]\left(x+2\right)\cdot \left(x-2\right)\cdot \left(x-7\right)[/tex]
Step-by-step explanation:
[tex]\mathrm{Find\:Least\:Common\:Multiplier\:of\:}x^2-4,\:x^2-5x-14[/tex]
[tex]\mathrm{The\:LCM\:of\:}a,\:b\:\mathrm{is\:the\:smallest\:multiplier\:that\:is\:divisible\:by\:both\:}a\mathrm{\:and\:}b[/tex]
[tex]x^2-4[/tex]
[tex]\mathrm{Rewrite\:}4\mathrm{\:as\:}2^2[/tex]
[tex]=x^2-2^2[/tex]
[tex]x^2-2^2=\left(x+2\right)\left(x-2\right)[/tex]
[tex]=\left(x+2\right)\left(x-2\right)[/tex]
[tex]x^2-5x-14[/tex]
[tex]=\left(x^2+2x\right)+\left(-7x-14\right)[/tex]
[tex]=x\left(x+2\right)-7\left(x+2\right)[/tex]
[tex]=\left(x+2\right)\left(x-7\right)[/tex]
[tex]\mathrm{Multiply\:each\:factor\:with\:the\:highest\:power:}[/tex]
[tex]\left(x+2\right)\cdot \left(x-2\right)\cdot \left(x-7\right)[/tex]
The kinetic energy k of an object in joules is given by the formula k=1/2mv² where m is the object's mass in kilograms and v is its velocity in meters per second. An object’s velocity is 20 meters per second, and its kinetic energy is 48,000 joules. If it speeds up to 40 meters per second, what is its new kinetic energy?
Answer:
192000 J
Step-by-step explanation:
k = 1/2 mv²
48000 = 1/2 x m x (20)²
48000 = 200m
m = 240 kg
new k
k = 1/2 x 240 x 40²
k = 192000 J
Which of the following is an Expression
*
O 1+2 = 3
O x+3 = 9
O 8 = 9 x 5
O 12 +9
Two cylindrical vases have the same base, but one vase is twice as tall as the other one. Therefore, the taller vase will hold 8 times as much water as the shorter vase.
Answer:true
Step-by-step explanation:
¿cuántos kilos de productos de primera necesidad ,ha consumido la familia de manuel en los tres meses?
En total, durante los últimos meses la familia de Manuel ha consumido 792 kilos de productos de primera necesidad.
¿Cómo calcular el total de comida consumida?Sumar la cantidad total de cada alimento.Sumar estos totales.¿Cuál es el total de cada comida?Arroz: 17+13+18= 48 kg
Fideos: 12+27+30 = 69 kg
Harina: 26+56+50= 132 kg
Aceite: 6+24+30= 60 kg
Avena: 8+16+20= 44 kg
Papa: 32+48+48= 128 kg
Frejol: 12+20+27= 59 kg
Alverja: 16+24+26= 66 kg
Pollo: 12+12+12= 36 kg
Carne de res: 8+10+10= 28 kg
Mazamorra: 8+25+28= 61 kg
Leche: 13+24+24=61 kg
¿Cuál es el total de comida consumida?48+69+132+60+44+128+59+66+36+28+61+61= 792 kilos
Nota: Esta pregunta está incompleta, a continuación se adjunta la parte faltante.
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Go step by step to simplify the radical.
[tex]\sqrt{224}[/tex]
Answer:
4√14
Step-by-step explanation:
You simplify a radical by removing squares from under it.
[tex]\sqrt{224}=\sqrt{16\cdot14}=\sqrt{4^2\cdot 14}=\boxed{4\sqrt{14}}[/tex]
Please help! Will give brainliest!
Answer:
A. Martin was faster
Step-by-step explanation:
If you look at the graph, you can see that Martin is going faster.
For example: When George is at 2 weeks, he is almost at 3 kg. When Martin is at 2 weeks, he is at 4 kg exactly.
Brainliest?
Pls help :( :(((
Pls pls pls
Answer:
1.) a- 9,00
b-43,000
d-8,000
e-41,000
g-7,000
h-56,000
j-16,000
Step-by-step explanation:
2.)
a-5
b-17
c-21
Answer:
1)
a. 9,000 bytes
b. 43,000 bytes
c. 9,600 bytes
d. 8,000 kilobytes
e. 41,000 kilobytes f. 7,300 kilobytes
g. 7,000 MB h. 56,000 MB
i. 2,500 MB j. 16,000,000 Bytes
2)
a. 5
b. 17
c. 21
4+4x=2x+8+2x-5
Please help cant figure it out
HELP, IM NOT GOOD A COORDINATES.
A(1,0)
B(0,-3)
C(-6,5)
D(-3,-5)
E(-1,4)
The fuel for a chain saw is a mix of oil and gasoline. The ratio of ounces of oil to gallons of gasoline is 5:18. There are 36 gallons of gasoline. How many ounces of oil are there?
129.6 ounces
16 ounces
10 ounces
2.5 ounces
What is the error in the problem
At the nearest wholesale store, 3 bags of bulk cereal cost $21.75.
At this rate, how much would 5 bags of bulk cereal cost? Enter your answer in the box.
Answer:
[tex]36.25[/tex]
Step-by-step explanation:
Let [tex]x[/tex] be the cost of 5 bags of bulk cereal.
3 is to $21.75 as 5 is to [tex]x[/tex], this translates to the following
[tex]\frac{3}{21.75}=\frac{5}{x}[/tex]
Solving for [tex]x[/tex], we get [tex]x=36.25[/tex]
Answer:
5 bags of bulk cereal cost $36.24
Step-by-step explanation:
15
The table below shows the lengths in
centimeters (cm) of a sample of 5 leaves
from a tree.
Leaf Length (cm)
14.2
2 13.8
12.6
13.4
5 11.5
WIN
3
4
?
A 6th leaf is added to the sample and its length is
measured. Its measure increases the mean value of
the sample of leaves but decreases the median value
of the sample of leaves. What is a possible
measurement for the length of the 6th leaf?
A) 13.1 cm
B) 13.3 cm
C) 13.4 cm
D) 13.7 cm
The mean measurement is the average value of the leaves
The possible measurement of the 6th leaf is 13.3
How to determine the possible value of the 6th sampleThe dataset is given as:
14.2, 13.8, 12.6, 13.4 and 11.5
Sort the data elements
11.5, 12.6, 13.4, 13.8 and 14.2
Calculate the mean
[tex]\bar x = \frac{11.5 + 12.6 + 13.4 + 13.8 + 14.2}{5}[/tex]
[tex]\bar x = \frac{65.5}{5}[/tex]
[tex]\bar x = 13.1[/tex]
So the mean is 13.1 and the median is 13.4
For the mean to increase, the 6th dataset must be greater than 13.1.
For the median to decrease, the 6th dataset must be less than 13.4
From the list of given options, the element that satisfy the above highlights is 13.3
Hence, the possible measurement of the 6th leaf is 13.3
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Lee wanted to visit his grandmother who lives 1,400 air miles
away. If Lee's plane travels 400 miles per hour, how many
hours would Lee's flight take?
Answer:
Lee's flight would take 3.5 hours.
Step-by-step explanation:
1400 ÷ 400 = 3.5