In E. coli, tRNA modifications include base modifications, cleavage of precursor tRNA, and addition of CCA to tRNAs.
In Escherichia coli, tRNA molecules undergo several modifications to ensure proper function. These modifications include modification of specific bases, which can affect the stability and decoding ability of tRNA.
Additionally, cleavage of a precursor tRNA occurs to produce mature, functional tRNAs.
One of the essential steps in tRNA maturation is the addition of a CCA sequence at the 3' end, which plays a critical role in aminoacylation and the binding of tRNA to the ribosome.
Although eukaryotic tRNAs often have introns, E. coli tRNAs typically do not.
Similarly, the 5′ cap is a eukaryotic mRNA feature, not found in E. coli tRNA.
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In E. coli, the following tRNA modifications are observed:
Modification of bases: The bases in the anticodon loop and elsewhere in the tRNA molecule are often modified.
These modifications can affect the stability and specificity of base pairing during translation.
- Addition of a CCA tail: All tRNA molecules have a CCA sequence at their 3' end, which is added post-transcriptionally.
- Removal of introns: Some tRNA genes in E. coli contain introns that are removed by RNA splicing.
- Cleavage of a precursor: Some tRNA molecules are synthesized as larger precursor molecules that must be cleaved to generate the mature tRNA.
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a 6.50g piece of substance B was rolled out into a thin sheet measuring 24.0 cm x 18.0 cm. calculate the volume and the density of the sheet of metal. show work use units
The volume and the density of the sheet of metal can not be calculated because the value for thickness is unknown.
Calculating the volume of the sheet of metal:m = 6.50g
w = 24.0 cm
L = 18.0 cm
We need to determine its thickness. Since we don't know the thickness, we can calculate it by using the density formula:
Density = Mass / Volume
ρ = m/v
making Volume, V the formula :
Volume = Mass / Density
We know the mass of the substance (6.50g) and we can assume that the density is constant throughout the sheet.
We can assume that the density of the sheet of metal is the same as the density of substance B.
So, the volume of the sheet of metal is:
Volume = 6.50g
Density
= (6.50g)
(Density of substance B)
We can calculate the area of the sheet by using the formula:
Area = length x width
Area = 24.0cm x 18.0cm
Area = 432cm²
And the thickness of the sheet is:
Volume = (6.50g)* 432cm²
Area (Density of substance B)
Now we can calculate the density of the sheet by using the formula:
Density = Mass
Volume
Density = 6.50g
(432cm² x thickness)
Hence, the density of the sheet of metal is:
Density = 6.50g
(432cm² x thickness) g/cm³
Note: We have an unknown value for thickness so we can't calculate the density of the sheet of metal.
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Which of the following occurs during the light-dependent reactions of plants?a. Electron transportb. The splitting of waterc. A hydrogen ion gradient is established to produce ATd. All the above
All of the given options occur during the light-dependent reactions of plants: (a) Electron transport; (b) The splitting of water; and (c) A hydrogen ion gradient is established to produce ATP.
Light-dependent reactions are the part of photosynthesis process where the plant captures the sunlight energy which is inorganic form in order to convert it into usable form of energy like the ATP and NADPH. These reactions occur in the chloroplast.
ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate. It is the most usable form of energy by various living organisms. ATP is required to perform all the active processes of the living body. The splitting of ATP releases high amounts of energy which is then used for body functions.
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Ideally, a motorist should try to enter an expressway lane ____________
answer choices
- on the exit ramp
- at a slower speed than the traffic already on the expressway
- at the same speed as the motorists on the expressway
- any speed they want
Ideally, a motorist should try to enter an expressway lane at the same speed as traffic already on the expressway.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
What is an expressway lane?Expresswаys аre designed so thаt is entering аnd exiting hаs sepаrаte lаnes for fаster moving trаffic. The proper wаy to enter аn expresswаy from the entrаnce rаmp is thаt:
The first thing to do аs you enter the expresswаy is to communicаte your intention with the turn signаl.When entering аn expresswаy, in the аccelerаtion lаne а driver should аccelerаte the speed of the vehicle to sаfely merge onto the expresswаy trаffic.You аre entering аn expresswаy, аnd аre in the аccelerаtion lаne. You should speed up to the flow of trаffic on the expresswаy by using the length of the аccelerаtion lаne.When entering аn expresswаy, your cаr’s speed should mаtch the speed of trаffic on the expresswаy.When entering аn expresswаy from the аccelerаtion you should yield the right-of-wаy to the vehicles аlreаdy present on the expresswаy.For more information about an expressway lane refer to the link:
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Following the abc' of behavior model our blank caue our reaction to tre not the event
BC represents predecessor (A), conduct (B), and outcome (C). It is a perception instrument that instructors can use to investigate what occurred previously, during, and after a behaviour1. All conduct can be considered correspondence.
Initiating Occasion (something happens to or around somebody) B: Conviction (the occasion makes somebody have a conviction, either levelheaded or unreasonable) C: Outcome (the conviction prompts a result, with reasonable convictions prompting solid outcomes and nonsensical convictions prompting undesirable outcomes).
The ABC model is explicitly intended to put a focus on your negative contemplations by carrying them to the outer layer of your levelheaded psyche. When you distinguish a specific idea that prompts self-rout, the subsequent stage is to supplant it with a more levelheaded, positive other option.
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Which class of enzyme attaches phosphate groups to other molecules ?
The correct answer is a kinase. Kinases are enzymes that couple the hydrolysis of ATP to the addition of a phosphate group to its substrate.
The kinase is an enzyme that attaches a phosphate group to a protein. A phosphatase is an enzyme that removes a phosphate group from a protein. Together, these two families of enzymes act to modulate the conditioning of the proteins in a cell, frequently in response to externalstimuli.A type of enzyme( a protein that speeds up chemical responses in the body) that adds chemicals called phosphates to other motes, similar as sugars or proteins. This may beget other motes in the cell to come either active or inactive.
Kinases are a part of numerous cellprocesses.Protein kinases and phosphatases are enzymes catalysing the transfer of phosphate between their substrates. A protein kinase catalyses the transfer of γ- phosphate from ATP( or GTP) to its protein substrates while a protein phosphatase catalyses the transfer of the phosphate from a phosphoprotein to a water patch.
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READING TOOL Connect to Visuals Before you read, preview Figure 12-7. Try to infer the read, revise purpose of this diagram. As you read, compare your inference to the text. After you your statement if needed or write a new one about the diagram's purpose. Take notes on the lines provided. Then view the Punnett square and answer the questions below regarding the genotypes and phenotypes.
The triallelic gene codes for the ABO blood type and its alleles express complete dominance and codominance.
What is the ABO blood type?Blood type ABO is determined by a triallelic gene I. Depending on the allelic interaction, this gene can express complete dominance or co-dominance.
IA and IB express complete dominance over i, meaning that the dominant IA and IB alelles hide the expression of the recessive allele i in heterozygous individuals.
Cross:
Parentals) IAIB x ii
Gametes) IA IB i i
Punnett square) IA IB
i IAi IBi
i IAi IBi
Therefore, The triallelic gene codes for the ABO blood type and its alleles express complete dominance and codominance.
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Which of the following describes advantages of geothermal power?
1. Plants require some electricity to operate.
II. Its use reduces greenhouse gases.
III. It uses local sources of energy.
Its use reduces greenhouse gases.
The advantage of geothermal power is its use reduces greenhouse gases.
What are the two benefits of geothermal energy in terms of power plant operating costs?For heating and cooling, effectiveness and lower carbon emissions. Geothermal energy provides low-carbon and energy-efficient heating and cooling choices for American homes and businesses, including geothermal heat pumps that manage heat from buildings by utilizing the Earth's constant temperature.
Are greenhouse gases produced by geothermal energy?Geothermal energy, in contrast to fossil fuels, is a sustainable resource that doesn't release the greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. Additionally, since the "fuel" is free once a geothermal system is installed, the marginal expenses are relatively modest.
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1. Why did National Geographic choose Queens, New York to do their DNA sampling experiment?
2. What can DNA from cheek swabs tell people about their ancestors?
1. Due of its high genetic diversity, National Geographic decided to conduct their DNA sampling experiment in Queens, New York.
2. You can locate distant ancestors based on common DNA with just a simple cheek swab, no spit or blood required.
You can also get a percentage breakdown of your ethnic origins. Additionally, it is possible to confirm any known family ties. Analyzing DNA variants can reveal information about a person's ancestry and the connections between their family.
DNA is used as a molecular tool to determine our ancestry because each of our parents gives us one-half of our chromosomes. Small segments of DNA are sequenced during genetic testing rather than the entire genome of an individual.
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What is the difference between vascular and nonvascular plants?
O presence of leaves
O have systems for transporting water and minerals
o need water in order to grow
The difference between ascular and nonvascular plants have systems for transporting water and minerals.
What is meant by minerals?
In terms of geology and mineralogy, a mineral or mineral species is, generally speaking, a pure, naturally occurring solid chemical compound with a fairly well-defined chemical makeup.Compounds found only in living creatures are typically not considered minerals according to geological definitions. However, some minerals, like calcite, are frequently biogenic or, in terms of chemistry, are organic molecules (such as mellite).Rock, which is defined as any bulk solid geologic substance that is sufficiently massive and sufficiently homogeneous, is not a mineral.A rock can be made up of a single type of mineral or it can be an amalgam of two or more different mineral types that have been spatially separated into different phases.To learn more about minerals refer to
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Name three different foodstuffs or drinks that are used by your family and explain how biotechnology is involved in producing them.
The family consumes a variety of foods and beverages, including soybeans, corn, and cotton. In biotechnology, microorganisms are employed to preserve food and create a wide range of goods with added value.
Describe biotechnology:Biotechnology is a branch of engineering that uses biological systems, living things, or parts of them to create or develop a variety of products. Making bread and using yeast, a living organism, to make the desired result are examples of biotechnology processes.
Soybeans, corn, cotton, canola, papaya, tomatoes, and squash are examples of biotechnology crops. The yeast used to make bread and an enzyme required in the creation of cheese are both produced via biotechnology.
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How does a root of a plant that lacks chloroplast get energy?
A root of a plant that lacks chloroplast gets energy through the storage of food. Plant cells that do not have chloroplasts are plants that don't create their own food. These plants usually have stored food.
How do plants survive without chloroplast?Without chloroplasts, plants would not be able to get their energy from the sun and would cease to survive, leaving us without food. On the other hand, without mitochondria, animals would be lacking in cellular energy and would also fail to survive.
In respiration, root cells burn glucose that's been transported from the leaves. Glucose is transformed into cellular energy (called adenosine triphosphate or ATP) that's used to drive metabolic processes, mainly water, and nutrient uptake.
Therefore, a root of a plant that lacks chloroplast gets energy through the storage of food.
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Which of the choices is a characteristic of meiotic cell division?
Chromosome count is reduced by half during meiotic cell division.
Which of the following describes how meiotic cell division works?Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in the formation of four gamete cells and a halving of the parent cell's chromosome count. In order to reproduce sexually, egg and sperm cells must be produced.
What divisions are there in meiosis?There are two cellular divisions involved in the meiotic process: To reduce the number of chromosomes by half (diploid to haploid), the initial meiotic division separates pairs of homologous chromosomes. In the second meiotic division, sister chromatids are split apart.
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As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. The decrease in an infant’s responsiveness is called a. concentration. b. teratogens. c. habituation. d. stability. e. transference.
As babies get used to repeating exposure to visual stimuli, their interest will decrease and they will look away more quickly. The decreased responsiveness of the baby is called c. habituation.
What is visual ability?Spatial visualization ability or visual-spatial ability is the ability to mentally manipulate two-dimensional and three-dimensional images. Usually measured by a simple cognitive test and predicted by the user's ability with several face-to-face approaches. The first thousand days of a child (from the womb to the age of 2 years) is the right time to stimulate his intelligence.
When the baby is used to repeated visual exposure, the baby will turn away because his interest has decreased, this is due to visual process habituation.
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A plant native to the chaparral would be expected to _______. a. require frequent rainfall b. tolerate nutrient-poor soil c. have large, soft leaves d. be tall with large branches please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
One would anticipate that a plant endemic to chaparral would be able to endure nutrient-deficient soil.
How do plants endure in nutrient-deficient soil?One of the most common responses to nutrient-poor soils is a change in root structure, which can either increase the root's surface area overall to boost nutrient uptake or lengthen the root system to reach new nutrient sources.
Can a plant live without food?Certainly, plants can develop without soil, but they are unable to do so without the essentials that soil offers. The roots of plants require oxygen to breathe, as well as support, nutrition, safeguarding from extreme temperatures, and an even supply of moisture.
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The process of cell respiration ultimately produces a net gain of 36 molecules of ATP from a single molecule of glucose.
What molecules are output from the aerobic stage of cellular respiration? What else is produced as a result of this process?
The molecules that are output from the aerobic stage of cellular respiration are: molecules; carbondioxide and water, other outputs; energy.
What is cellular respiration?Cellular respiration is the process by which cells obtain chemical energy by the consumption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide.
It is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces ATP (energy). Aerobic respiration involves the use of oxygen to break down glucose into carbondioxide and water molecules.
Therefore, it can be said that carbondioxide and water are the output molecules while energy is another substance produced as a result of the process.
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An organic synthesis to make the pain reliever acetominophen is supposed to produce 280 kg of product but instead produces 70 kg of waste in addition to the acetaminophen. What is the percent yield?.
When making acetaminophen which yields 280 kg of product but produces 70 kg of waste other than acetaminophen, the percent yield is 75%.
Here we know that the theoretical weight is the weight of the acetaminophen that should be produced if the reaction occurs efficiently, while the experimental weight is the weight of the acetaminophen obtained in the synthesis.
Percent yield = (trial product weight ÷ product theoretical weight) × 100
The theoretical weight of acetaminophen is = 280kg
The experimental weight of the product obtained in the synthesis is = 280 kg of product -70 kg of waste = 210 kg of acetaminophen
Percent yield = (210 ÷ 280) ×100
Percent yield = 75%
So, the percent yield from making acetaminophen i.e., 75%.
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What is role of biomedical engineer in hospital?
Biomedical engineers play a critical role in the hospital setting. They are responsible for designing, maintaining, and repairing medical equipment and systems that are used in the diagnosis and treatment of patients.
This may include biomedical equipment such as ventilators, imaging machines, heart monitors, and other vital medical equipment. Additionally, biomedical engineers can develop and modify software programs used in the hospital to analyze patient data.
Biomedical engineers are also involved in the development of new medical technologies and techniques. They often collaborate with other healthcare professionals such as physicians, nurses, and technicians to create new medical devices and treatments. This can involve researching and developing new technology, testing devices and procedures, and training healthcare professionals on the use of new technology.
In addition to their research and development roles, biomedical engineers are also responsible for ensuring the safety and efficacy of medical equipment in the hospital. They must ensure that all medical equipment is up to date and functioning properly, as well as ensuring that proper safety protocols are in place. Additionally, they may be responsible for troubleshooting and repairing medical equipment when needed.
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For a certain breed of cat, short tails are dominant (7) and long tails are
recessive (t). The Punnett square below shows a cross between two parents.
What is the phenotype ratio for this cross?
B
2 long 2 short
if the cats have 4 kittens the short tails are dominant, so there will be 2 long tails and 2 short tails.
A phospholipid is composed of all the following, except _____.
A. A charged phosphate group
B. A glycerol head
C. A fatty acid tails
D. A polysaccharide nucleus
E. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, & phosphorus
Earth is approximately 4. 5 billion years old. Is it likely that any of the rocks that were on earth's surface when it first formed are still in existence?.
A is the anwer, No rock material is constantly recycled on Earth's surface through the rock cycle.
which made it possible for researchers to calculate that Earth was at least 4.3 billion years old?Earth's age is generally acknowledged by astronomers and geologists to be 4.6 billion years. With the help of dating techniques like rubidium-strontium and uranium-lead, this age has been determined through the isotopic analysis of several meteorites as well as soil and rock samples from the Moon.
Which stage of the rock cycle is active at the Earth's surface?Rocks at the surface of the Earth are reduced in size by weathering. Sediments are the microscopic pieces. These sediments are moved around by erosion in different locations by running water, ice, and gravity. Sedimentation is the process by which sediments are deposited or laid down.
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Can genes that are linked exhibit independent assortment?
A - No, alleles of linked genes undergo crossing over to maintain certain allele combinations.
B - Yes, but only if recombination occurs during gamete formation.
C - No, alleles of linked genes are always inherited separately of one another.
D - Yes, but only if homologous chromosomes segregate during meiosis.
Answer: When genes are close together on a chromosome, the alleles on the same chromosome tend to be inherited as a unit more frequently than not. Such genes do not display independent assortment and are said to be linked.
Explanation:
HELPPPEEAAAAAUHHHHHhejj
Answer: A
Explanation:
The process described above is metabolism.
initiates DNA synthesis by making short RNA segments at the replication fork, what results?
Initiates DNA synthesis by making short RNA segments at the replication fork, resulting in two branches each consisting of a single strand of DNA.
The replication fork or replication fork is the structure formed when DNA replicates. Replication This fork forms the effect of the enzyme helicase which breaks the hydrogen bonds that identify the two DNA strands, causing them to unfold the double strand into two branches, each consisting of a single DNA strand.
Each of these branches becomes a "mold" for the formation of two new DNA strands based on their complementary nucleotide sequence. DNA polymerase forms a new DNA strand by extending the oligonucleotides that are formed by the primase enzyme and are called primers.
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How does the phosphorus cycle work step by step?
The steps of the phosphorus cycle function are:
Phosphorus enters an ecosystem through weathering of rocks and soil, and is taken up by plants through their roots.Animals consume the plants, and phosphorus is passed through the food chain. Animals excrete phosphorus-containing waste, which is absorbed back into the soil.Decomposers break down the phosphorus-containing waste, releasing phosphorus back into the soil.The phosphorus is taken up by plants and the cycle begins again.The phosphorus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of phosphorus through the environment. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for all forms of life, and it cycles between organisms and the environment.
In the environment, phosphorus cycles between the land, water, and air. It is found in rocks and soil, and it is taken up by plants and animals. Animals excrete phosphorus, which is broken down by bacteria and fungi, returning it to the environment. Phosphorus is also released through volcanic activity and some industrial processes.
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A _P_ __ __ __ __ __ is a group of closely related classes.
Species is a group of closely related classes.
What are species?A group of related living things that are capable of interbreeding or gene exchange is referred to as a species. The primary natural taxonomic unit is the species, which comes before a genus and is identified by a Latin binomial, such as Homo sapiens.
In the biological classification, a genus is a level (or taxonomy). It is placed below families and above species. More than one species can be found in a genus. When biologists refer to a genus, they are referring to one or more species of plants or animals that are linked to one another in some way.
One of the eight primary taxonomic ranks, families are arranged between orders and genera. Subfamilies, which are intermediary ranks above the rank of genus, can be formed within a family.
Therefore, Species is a group of closely related classes.
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how does the flow of water on earth affect the phosphorus cycle
Answer:
rain and weathering cause rocks to release phosphate ions and other minerals.
Explanation:
Compare and contrast the Paleozoic and
Mesozoic Eras in terms of the length of each
era, landmasses, and the life forms that evolved in
each. What is interesting or suprising to you in
each era?
It must have a significant proportion of plant life that is endemic, or seen anywhere else on the earth, and at least 1,500 leguminous plants.30percent or less of the original vegetation must remain.
Endemics are what in biology?
In biology, the term "endemism" refers to the geographic distribution of a clade that is only present naturally in a narrow geographic area. As a result, species are those only exist in a particular region, such as a mountainous region, lake, or island, among other examples.
What are some instances of endemic species?
species of plants and animals that can only be found in a certain geographic area are known as endemic species.
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how low-cost water leads to waste of fresh water in irrigation, industries, and homes?
Up to 50% of the groundwater we use outside is lost to the elements including wind, evaporation, and runoff brought on by ineffective irrigation techniques, businesses, and infrastructure.
How does evaporation explain itself?A liquid transforms into a gas during evaporation. It is simple to picture when puddles of rain "vanish" on a hot day and when wet clothing dries in the sun. In these instances, the sea phase is draining into a gas known as water vapor rather than really dissipating. Global evaporation takes place.
Why is the evaporation process so crucial?Wind panels, or heat from the sun, is what causes the evaporation process to occur. It takes on moisture from garden soil as well as the biggest lakes and oceans. As the water is uncovered to the sun's heat, its level will drop.
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how does the use of fertilizer affect the nitrogen cycle
Answer:
When farmers harvest crops, a lot of the plant material is also removed. Little is left to decay and return nitrogen to the soil. If the soil stays this way, it will start producing fewer crops. Fertilizer contains the nitrogen compounds that are essential for plant growth. It can be used to replace the nitrogen in the soil to ensure the growth of healthy crops.
Explanation:
sample res.
The use of fertilizer can increase the amount of nitrogen in soil and water, leading to eutrophication and harmful algal blooms.
What is nitrogen cycle?Fertilizers are commonly used in agriculture to supplement the soil with nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. When nitrogen-rich fertilizers are applied to crops, the excess nitrogen can affect the nitrogen cycle in several ways.
Firstly, excess nitrogen can be leached from the soil and enter nearby water bodies, leading to eutrophication. This process involves the growth of excessive algae and aquatic plant life, which can deplete the water's oxygen levels and harm fish and other aquatic organisms.
Secondly, excess nitrogen can lead to soil acidification, reducing the soil's fertility and inhibiting plant growth. This can result in the need for even more fertilizer to maintain crop yields, exacerbating the issue.
Lastly, excess nitrogen can increase nitrous oxide emissions, a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change.
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How many molecules of carbon dioxide are released in Krebs cycle per glucose molecule?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 6
The correct choice is C 4
The Krebs cycle, also known as the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) or citric acid cycle, occurs within the mitochondrial matrix. This cycle is the stepwise oxidative and cyclical breakdown of acetyl-CoA. This cycle acts on two pyruvate molecules produced during glycolysis.
The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate. Two molecules of pyruvate are produced from one molecule of glucose. Therefore, one molecule of pyruvate is responsible for the release of 2.
CO
2
1 Molecules in the Krebs cycle. Because one molecule of glucose yields two molecules of pyruvate.There are two cycles to use both molecules of pyruvate. Therefore, one glucose molecule is involved in the release of 4.
CO
2
Molecules in the Krebs cycle.
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