Which of the following statements about the ionization of the side chain of glutamine in water is true (select all that apply)? Glutamine has a positively charged form with a pK, around 10 The nitrogen has a slight positive charge from resonance so will not gain a third proton Glutamine is usually deprotonated but will gain a proton at low pH The amide nitrogen will not lose a proton because the conjugate base is very strong Glutamine is usually protonated but will lose a proton at high pH

Answer:

See Below.

Explanation:

Problem 1

Let x be the mass of 15% solution needed and y be the mass of 20% solution needed. Then, we have the following system of equations:

x + y = 200 (total mass of solution)

0.15x + 0.20y = 0.17(200) (total amount of solute)

Solving this system of equations gives:

x = 60 g (mass of 15% solution)

y = 140 g (mass of 20% solution)

Therefore, 60 g of 15% solution and 140 g of 20% solution are needed to prepare 200 g of 17% solution.

Problem 2

Let x be the mass of 18% solution needed and y be the mass of 5% solution needed. Then, we have the following system of equations:

x + y = 300 (total mass of solution)

0.18x + 0.05y = 0.07(300) (total amount of solute)

Solving this system of equations gives:

x = 120 g (mass of 18% solution)

y = 180 g (mass of 5% solution)

Therefore, 120 g of 18% solution and 180 g of 5% solution are needed to prepare 300 g of 7% solution.

Problem 3

The total mass of the final solution is

200 g + 350 g = 550 g

The total amount of solute in the final solution is:

0.15(200 g) + 0.20(350 g) = 95 g + 70 g = 165 g

Therefore, the mass percentage of the final solution is:

(mass of solute / total mass of solution) x 100% = (165 g / 550 g) x 100% = 30%

Therefore, the mass percentage of the final solution is 30%.

Problem 4

The total mass of the final solution is

300 g + 35 g = 335 g

The total amount of solute in the final solution is:

0.15(300 g) + 35 g = 75 g + 35 g = 110 g

Therefore, the mass percentage of the final solution is:

(mass of solute / total mass of solution) x 100% = (110 g / 335 g) x 100% = 32.8%

Therefore, the mass percentage of the final solution is 32.8%.

Problem 5

The total mass of the final solution is

400 g + 150 g = 550 g

The total amount of solute in the final solution is

0.25(400 g) = 100 g

Therefore, the mass percentage of the final solution is

(mass of solute / total mass of solution) x 100% = (100 g / 550 g) x 100% = 18.2%

Therefore, the mass percentage of the final solution is 18.2%.

Na, or sodium, is the right response. Among the listed elements, sodium has the lowest IE1 value. The energy needed to remove one electron from a neutral atom when it is in the gaseous form is known as the first ionisation energy (IE1).

A soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal that is a member of the periodic table's alkali metal family is sodium (Na). Its atomic mass is 22.99 and it has an atomic number of 11. Sodium is a crucial element used in many processes, such as making alloys, chemicals, and electrical parts. It is a frequent component of table salt (NaCl) and other nutritional sources and is also a necessary element for living things. In the human body, sodium regulates fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction. However, consuming too much salt has been related to a number of illnesses, such as high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease.

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The hydroxide ion concentration, [OH-], for a solution with a pH of 4.65 is approximately 3.55 x [tex]10^{-10}[/tex]M.

What is concentration?

To calculate the hydroxide ion concentration, [OH-], from the given pH, we can use the following relationship:

pH + pOH = 14

where pOH is the negative logarithm of the hydroxide ion concentration:

pOH = -log[OH-]

Rearranging the first equation, we get:

pOH = 14 - pH

Substituting the given pH value of 4.65, we get:

pOH = 14 - 4.65 = 9.35

Finally, we can calculate the hydroxide ion concentration, [OH-], by taking the antilogarithm (inverse log) of the pOH value:

[OH-] = [tex]10^{(-pOH)}[/tex] = [tex]10^{-9.35}[/tex] = 3.55 x [tex]10^{-10}[/tex] M

Therefore, the hydroxide ion concentration, [OH-], for a solution with a pH of 4.65 is approximately 3.55 x [tex]10^{-10}[/tex] M.

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In the stepwise formation of [Cu(NH3)4]2 from [Cu(H2O)4]2, [Cu(NH3)4]2+ is formed in the second step.

A coordination compound is formed by the combination of a central metal ion or atom and one or more ligands. The central metal ion or atom is typically positively charged, and the ligands are generally negatively charged or uncharged molecules or ions that have at least one electron pair accessible for coordination.

The coordination complex is represented by a square bracket around the central metal ion, and the ligands are connected to it with a comma.Copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) is a well-known example of a coordination compound. The Cu2+ ion is the central metal ion, and the four H2O molecules are the ligands in this case. It is represented as [Cu(H2O)4]2+.

In the stepwise formation of [Cu(NH3)4]2 from [Cu(H2O)4]2, the following steps are involved:In the first step, four H2O molecules are replaced by four NH3 molecules. The product of this step is [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+.The second step is the replacement of the remaining two H2O molecules by NH3.

This step produces the desired [Cu(NH3)4]2+ coordination compound.In short, the copper ion in [Cu(H2O)4]2+ loses two H2O molecules and gains four NH3 molecules, forming [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+. Then, two more H2O molecules are replaced by NH3, resulting in the formation of [Cu(NH3)4]2+. Therefore, [Cu(NH3)4]2+ is formed in the second step.

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Answer:

The correct answer is:

(1) decreases 1 pH unit

D. Directly scaling to the top of the mountain. The person would end up with the same potential energy or height regardless of the method they use to reach the top of the mountain because the end result is the same: they are at the top.

Potential energy is energy that is stored in an object due to its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, electric charge, or other factors. When the object is moved or the stresses are released, energy is converted to kinetic energy, which is the energy of a moving object.

Therefore, if they take the switchback trail, parachute out of a plane, teleport using Star Trek technology, or directly scale to the top, they will have the same potential energy or height by the time they reach the top.

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The first two statements are false, whereas the last statement, which says that pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related, is true.

Statement 1: This claim was incorrect because, according to the ideal gas law, PV=nRT, pressure (P) and volume (V) are inversely proportional to each other at a constant temperature (T) and amount of gas (n). This means that as pressure increases, volume decreases. This relationship is known as Boyle's law. Therefore, the statement that pressure has no effect on volume of a gas is false.

Statement 2: This claim was incorrect because, pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related according to Boyle's law, which states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume. This means that if the pressure of a gas increases, its volume will decrease, and if the pressure decreases, the volume will increase, as long as the temperature remains constant.

Statement 3: This claim was correct because, According to Boyle's law, the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional to each other, which means that when the pressure of a gas increases, its volume will decrease and vice versa, as long as the temperature and the number of particles in the gas are kept constant. This relationship is expressed mathematically as P₁V₁ = P₂V₂, where P₁ and V₁ are the initial pressure and volume, and P₂ and V₂ are the final pressure and volume.

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Answer: This reaction is the combustion, in which a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide and water.

Explanation: balanced combustion reaction for C6H6 Equation: 2C6H6(l)+15O2(g)--> 12CO2+6H2O(l)_6542 KJ.

Using CH3NH2 and CH3NH3Cl, one may simulate the blood's buffering properties. A weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid, make up a buffer system.

Carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonate. Hint: Human blood has a buffer of bicarbonate anion (HCO3) and carbonic acid (H2CO3) to keep the blood's pH between 7.35 and 7.45. Blood pH values higher or lower than 7.8 or 6.8 can be fatal.

Bicarbonate anion and hydronium are in equilibrium with carbonic acid in this buffer. A weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid, make up a buffer.

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Answer:

CH3NH2 and CH3NH3Cl

Explanation:

Methylamine (CH3NH2) is an organic base. In order to produce a basic buffer solution similar to blood, we can combine this base with a soluble salt of its conjugate acid, such as CH3NH3Cl. The solution of KOH and H2O would not be a good buffer because KOH is a strong base. The solution of HF and NaF is a buffer, but the pKa of HF is about 3.2, which is far from the pH of blood, 7.4.

The statement that can definitely be inferred from the observation that the temperature rises when a solution of CaCl2 is dissolved in water is  Option III is correct.

The interactions between the species in solution are stronger compared to those in the separate solute and solvent. To analyze this problem, we need to consider the entropy of the system, which is related to the disorder or randomness of a system. The entropy of a system can be calculated by measuring the energy that must be supplied to the system to return it to its original state.
When the CaCl2 is dissolved in water, the entropy of the system increases because of the increase in the randomness of the system. This increase in entropy leads to a rise in temperature. Because the interactions between the species in solution are stronger than those in the separate solute and solvent, this suggests that the entropy of the system for this process is positive. The interactions in the separate solute and solvent are weaker than those between the species in solution.
Therefore, the statement that can definitely be inferred from the observation that the temperature rises when a solution of CaCl2 is dissolved in water is  Option III.

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Answer:

4897 J

Explanation:

The heat transferred to the surroundings, q_surr, can be calculated using the equation:

q_surr = -q_rxn = -CmΔT

where C is the specific heat capacity of the mixture (assumed to be the same as water, 4.184 J/g°C), m is the mass of the mixture (which we can calculate using the density, assuming that the volumes are additive), and ΔT is the change in temperature (in Celsius).

First, let's calculate the mass of the mixture:

density of water = 1.00 g/cm^3

volume of mixture = volume of acid + volume of base = 106 mL + 157 mL = 263 mL = 0.263 L

mass of mixture = density of water x volume of mixture = 1.00 g/cm^3 x 0.263 L = 263 g

Next, let's calculate the change in temperature:

ΔT = final temperature - initial temperature = 27.29°C - 22.94°C = 4.35°C

Now we can calculate the heat transferred to the surroundings:

q_surr = -CmΔT

q_surr = -(4.184 J/g°C) x (263 g) x (4.35°C)

q_surr = -4897 J

Note that the negative sign indicates that heat is lost by the system to the surroundings. Therefore, the heat transferred to the surroundings, q_surr, is 4897 J.

The charge on the surface of the coagulated colloidal particles is negative.

The source of the charge is likely due to the dissociation of the sodium and potassium salts in water, which results in the formation of ions.

The counter-ion layer is composed of the cations that balance the charge on the negatively charged colloidal particles.

Charge is a fundamental property of matter that describes the amount of electrical energy present in a particle, atom, or molecule. It is a property that can be either positive or negative and is measured in units of coulombs (C).

The charge of a particle can affect how it interacts with other charged particles. For example, particles with opposite charges are attracted to each other, while particles with the same charge repel each other. The interaction between charged particles is fundamental to many chemical and physical phenomena, such as electrostatic interactions, chemical bonding, and the behavior of electrical currents.

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Answer:

The solution in the test tube would turn pink earlier with the more concentrated NaOH solution.

This is because the concentration of the NaOH solution is directly proportional to the number of moles of NaOH per unit volume of the solution.

So, with a more concentrated NaOH solution (1.0 M compared to 0.5 M), each mL of NaOH solution contains twice as many moles of NaOH.

Therefore, it would take half as much volume (i.e., 12.4 mL instead of 24.8 mL) of the 1.0 M NaOH solution to react with the same number of moles of the unknown acid as the 0.5 M NaOH solution.

The completed table of maximum moles of water, limiting reactant and excess reactant is as follows:

Q: 6 moles, O₂, 1 mole H₂

R: 6 moles, O₂, 2 moles H₂

S: 5 moles, none, none

T: 5 moles, H₂, 2.5 moles O₂

U: 8 moles, H₂, 2 moles O₂

The mole ratio of the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form water is obtained from the equation of the reaction.

The equation of the reaction is given below:

2 H₂ + O₂ --> 2 H₂O

The mole ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1 in both the water molecule and the reactants, hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas, as can be seen from the balanced equation (O2). 

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Answer:

The amount of water that can be heated by 1,000.0 J of heat energy depends on the mass of water and the specific heat capacity of water.

Assuming the water is at an initial temperature of 20.0°C, we can use the formula:

Q = mcΔT

Where:

Q = heat energy (Joules)

m = mass of water (in grams)

c = specific heat capacity of water (4.184 J/g°C)

ΔT = change in temperature (final temperature - initial temperature)

Rearranging the formula to solve for the mass of water:

m = Q / (c*ΔT)

Plugging in the given values:

m = 1000 J / (4.184 J/g°C * (final temperature - 20.0°C))

Assuming the final temperature is 100.0°C (the boiling point of water at standard pressure), the calculation becomes:

m = 1000 J / (4.184 J/g°C * (100.0°C - 20.0°C))

m = 1000 J / (4.184 J/g°C * 80.0°C)

m = 2.39 grams

Therefore, 1,000.0 J of heat energy can heat 2.39 grams of water from 20.0°C to 100.0°C.

A scientific theory is a well-tested explanation for a widely accepted hypothesis.

A scientific theory is a coherent statement or set of ideas that explains observed facts or phenomena and correctly predicts new facts or phenomena not previously observed, or which sets out the laws and principles of something known or observed.

In summary, a theory is a hypothesis confirmed by observation or experiment.

A body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment is said to be a theory.

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The characteristics of combination and decomposition reactions are as follows:

Combination reactions are chemical reaction where two or more elements or compounds combine to form a single compound.

Decomposition reaction is a reaction in which chemical species such as chemical compounds break up into simpler parts or elements. Usually, decomposition reactions require energy input i.e. endothermic.

Combination reactions give off energy as heat when compounds are formed by joining bonds i.e. they are exothermic.

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The heat transferred to the surroundings is 644 J.

First, we need to calculate the heat absorbed by the solution, qrxn.

The reaction that takes place is:

AgNO₃(aq) + NaOH(aq) → AgOH(s) + NaNO₃(aq)

The balanced equation tells us that 1 mole of AgNO₃ reacts with 1 mole of NaOH to produce 1 mole of AgOH. The heat absorbed by the solution is given by:

qrxn = -mCΔT

where;

Since the volume of the solution is given in mL, we can convert it to g using its density:

m = Vρ = (59 mL + 65 mL) x 1.00 g/mL = 124 g

ΔT = 24.91 oC - 23.68 oC = 1.23 oC

qrxn = -124 g x 4.184 J/goC x 1.23 oC = -644 J

Note that the negative sign indicates that the reaction is exothermic and releases heat.

Next, we need to calculate the heat transferred to the surroundings, qsurr. Since the calorimeter is an isolated system, we know that:

qrxn = -qsurr

Therefore:

qsurr = 644 J

Note that the positive sign indicates that the heat is transferred to the surroundings, as expected for an exothermic reaction.

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The reaction between 1 mL of 0.1 M Pb(NO3)2 and 1 mL of 0.1 M NaS would form a black precipitate. The chemical formula of the solid formed is PbS, and the spectator ions are Pb2+ and S2-.

Pb(NO3)2 + NaS → PbS + NaNO3
Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + Na+(aq) + S2-(aq) → PbS(s) + Na+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)
In the above equation, Pb2+ and S2- are the spectator ions because they remain unchanged throughout the reaction and exist in the same form on both sides of the equation.
The black precipitate that forms is PbS, which is an insoluble compound. The reaction is driven to completion because the ions on the left side of the equation are completely used up in the reaction and are not present in the solution after the reaction is complete.
In conclusion, when 1 mL of 0.1 M Pb(NO3)2 and 1 mL of 0.1 M NaS are mixed, a black precipitate is formed. The chemical formula of the solid formed is PbS, and the spectator ions are Pb2+ and S2-.

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The correct reaction equation is; Sr(OH)2 ----> Sr + 2OH

A correct chemical reaction equation must follow the law of conservation of mass, which states that matter cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. This means that the total number of atoms of each element on the reactant side of the equation must be equal to the total number of atoms of each element on the product side.

To ensure that an equation is correct, you should first check that the chemical formulas of the reactants and products are correct. You can then balance the equation by adjusting the coefficients in front of each chemical formula so that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation.

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Answer:

Explanation:

2-bromopropane is the major product because the reaction mechanism involves the formation of the most stable carbocation intermediate. When hydrogen bromide reacts with propene, the hydrogen atom from HBr adds to the carbon atom of the double bond that has fewer hydrogen atoms attached, resulting in the formation of a carbocation intermediate. The intermediate can either form 1-bromopropane or 2-bromopropane depending on the position of the carbocation. The 2-bromopropane is the major product because the secondary carbocation formed in this case is more stable than the primary carbocation formed in the case of 1-bromopropane.

To test for an alkene, bromine water can be used. When an alkene reacts with bromine water, the bromine molecule adds across the double bond, forming a colorless dibromoalkane product. The mechanism for the reaction between hex-1-ene and bromine involves the formation of a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate, followed by the attack of water on the intermediate, resulting in the formation of the dibromoalkane product.

a) Addition polymerization is a process in which unsaturated monomers are joined together to form a polymer. The process involves breaking the double bond of the monomer and joining the monomers together to form a long-chain polymer. The process requires a catalyst to initiate the reaction.

b) The repeating unit of the polymer formed from the addition polymerization of chloroethene monomers is -CH2-CHCl-. This polymer is called polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and it has a wide range of uses, including pipes, electrical cables, and vinyl flooring.

Answer:

6. The light being reflected off changes the color shown

7. The bottom, the sugar looses its positive charge

Explanation:

The correct fraction that  can be used for the mole ratio to determine the mass of Cl2 from a known mass of AlCl3 is 2/2.

The mole ratio is a way of expressing the ratio of the number of moles of one substance in a chemical reaction to the number of moles of another substance in the same reaction.

Mole ratio is determined by the stoichiometry of the reaction, which is the quantitative relationship between the amounts of reactants and products in a chemical equation. The coefficients in a balanced chemical equation represent the mole ratios of the reactants and products in the reaction.

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Missing parts;

Read the following chemical equation.

Al + Cl2 → AlCl3

Which of the following fractions can be used for the mole ratio to determine the mass of Al from a known mass of AlCl3?

A. 2/1

B. 3/2

C. 2/2

D. 2/3

The notation provided appears to represent a nuclear reaction. Specifically, it represents the formation of radioactive carbon-14 in the upper atmosphere through the reaction of nitrogen-14 and a cosmic ray particle. The notation can be interpreted as follows:

- The symbol on the left side of the equation (Box+ eta mathcal PI ^ 9) represents a nitrogen-14 atom with a mass number of 14 and atomic number of 7 (since nitrogen has 7 protons). The superscript η indicates that the nitrogen atom is bombarded with a cosmic ray particle (represented by the box symbol) and undergoes a nuclear reaction. The subscript 9 indicates the total number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the nitrogen atom.

- The arrow in the middle of the equation (←) indicates that a nuclear reaction is taking place.

- The symbol on the right side of the equation (u I ^ 0 +N mathcal P I ^ L) represents a carbon-14 atom with a mass number of 14 and atomic number of 6 (since carbon has 6 protons) and a hydrogen atom. The superscript 0 indicates that the carbon atom is neutral (has no charge). The superscript L indicates that the carbon atom is radioactive and will decay over time.

Overall, the notation represents the nuclear reaction that occurs when a cosmic ray particle collides with a nitrogen-14 atom in the upper atmosphere, resulting in the formation of a carbon-14 atom and a hydrogen atom.

The correct answer is "two molecules of ATP are needed to 'activate' glucose".

In the first step of glycolysis, glucose is converted into glucose-6-phosphate, which requires the input of ATP. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme hexokinase. Therefore, two molecules of ATP are used in the early steps of glycolysis to activate glucose and convert it into glucose-6-phosphate. In the later steps of glycolysis, four molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation, but since two molecules of ATP were used in the beginning, the net production of ATP is only two molecules per glucose molecule.

It is also important to note that glycolysis is the first step of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration and can occur without oxygen being present. However, the subsequent steps of cellular respiration, such as the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain, require oxygen in aerobic respiration to produce more ATP.

What is an ATP?

ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate, which is a molecule that carries energy within cells. It is often referred to as the "energy currency" of the cell because it powers many cellular processes by releasing its stored energy when it is hydrolyzed to ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate.

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The alkene that is most stabilized through hyperconjugation is 2-methylpropene. The correct option is (C).

Hyperconjugation is a type of resonance that involves the overlapping of an unshared electron pair on an atom, like carbon, with an adjacent sigma bond. In this case, the unshared electron pair on the methyl group of 2-methylpropene provides stabilization to the adjacent sigma bond, making it the most stabilized alkene through hyperconjugation.

The most stabilized alkene through hyperconjugation can be determined by analyzing the degree of substitution. The greater the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon atoms of the double bond, the greater the degree of substitution and the greater the stability due to hyperconjugation. Hence, the answer to this question would be option C (2-methylpropene.), as it has the greatest degree of substitution and is thus the most stable through hyperconjugation.

Option A (1-butene) has only one methyl group attached to one carbon of the double bond, making it less stable than option C. Option B (2-butene) has two methyl groups attached to the same carbon atom of the double bond, resulting in a similar degree of substitution to option A. Option D (2-methyl-1-pentene) has a lesser degree of substitution than option C because the methyl group is attached to only one carbon atom of the double bond, while in option C, the methyl group is attached to a tertiary carbon atom.

Hence, option C , 2-methylpropene. is the most stabilized alkene through hyperconjugation because of its greater degree of substitution.

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The complete question is:

which of the following alkenes is most stabilized through hyperconjugation? select answer from the options below

A 1-butene

B 2-butene

C 2-methylpropene

D 2-methyl-1-pentene

The vapor pressure for methanol at 44.6°C is 36.2 kPa.

The Clausius-Clapeyron equation has a relation to the vapor pressure of a substance to its enthalpy of vaporization and temperature and is expressed :

ln(P2/P1) = -(ΔHvap/R) x (1/T2 - 1/T1)

given values are:

P1 = 101.3 kPa

T1 = 100.0°C = 373.2 K

ΔHvap = 40.7 kJ/mol

R = 8.314 J/(mol K)

r P2 at T2 = 44.6°C = 317.8 K:

ln(P2/101.3) = -(40.7 x 10^3 J/mol / (8.314 J/(mol K) x 317.8 K)) x (1/317.8 K - 1/373.2 K)

ln(P2/101.3) = -3.04

P2/101.3 = e^(-3.04)

P2 = 36.2 kPa

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