The good example of genotype- by environment interaction are strain of corn whose yield varies with the amount of nutrients in the soil and line of dairy cows that increases milk yield in relation to feed amount. The correct option is D .
Fair-skinned folks are more susceptible to skin cancer from sunlight exposure than people with darker complexion. This is an illustration of the relationship between genotype and environment.
The term "genotype by environment (G E) interaction" describes the variance in how different genotypes react to various surroundings (Falconer and Mackay, 1996). Due to scaling or re-ranking effects, there are two basic types of G E interaction.
The phrase "genotype environment (GxE) interaction effect") refers to both the modification of genetic risk factors by environmental risk and protective factors as well as the function of specific genetic risk factors in determining individual differences in vulnerability to environmental risk factors.
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What name the flagellate that lives symbiotically with termites and aids in cellulose digestion?
The flagellate that lives symbiotically with termites and aids in cellulose digestion is called Trichonympha.
Trichonympha's bell form and heaps of flagella make it an without difficulty recognizable cell. The symbiosis among decrease termites/wooden roaches and Trichonympha is particularly useful to each parties: Trichonympha allows its host digest cellulose and in go back gets a consistent deliver of meals and shelter. Typically, Trichonympha species (in addition to termites) do now no longer motive illnesses in animals or plants. However, for the reason that they assist withinside the breakdown of cellulose in wooden and plant material, they, along side their hosts, had been proven to make contributions to bronchial allergies attacks.
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can confectioners sugar be substituted for granulated sugar
Yes, confectioners sugar can be substituted for granulated sugar in certain recipes.
In what types of recipes can confectioners sugar be used as a substitute for granulated sugar?Confectioners sugar can be used as a substitute for granulated sugar in recipes where the texture of the sugar is not critical to the final product, such as in frostings, glazes, or whipped cream. However, it may not be suitable for recipes where the sugar needs to dissolve completely, such as in baked goods.
Are there any adjustments that need to be made when using confectioners sugar as a substitute for granulated sugar?Yes, there may be adjustments that need to be made when using confectioners sugar as a substitute for granulated sugar. Confectioners sugar contains cornstarch, which can affect the texture of the final product. In some recipes, this may not be a problem, but in others, it may require adjustments to the amount of liquid or other ingredients to compensate for the added cornstarch. Additionally, confectioners sugar is typically sweeter than granulated sugar, so the amount used may need to be adjusted to achieve the desired level of sweetness.
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synthesis of a defective protein may result from an alteration in______
DNA sequence alterations have the potential to affect protein synthesis.
Are almonds protein-rich?With the bulk of its fats being monounsaturated, it is a kcal meal that is also nutrient-dense. Around 165 caloric, 6 grams of protein, 14 grams of fat (80% unsaturated, 15% unsaturated, and 5% high), 6 grams of carbohydrates, and 3 grams of fiber are included in one ounce.
How much proteins is in 40g?Among the most compact and practical sources of protein is tuna fish packs, which offer 40 grams. In addition to supplying healthy omega-3 fatty acids, oily fish like salmon, tuna, anchovy, and sardines are excellent providers of protein in the diet.
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identify the best description for the shape of squamous cells.
Squamous cells are thin, flat cells that resemble fish scales and are present on the skin's surface, the lining of hollow organs, and the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts.
Squamous refers to scale-like. A single layer of flat scale-shaped cells makes up simple squamous epithelium. Simple squamous epithelium is found in both the endothelium lining of blood vessels and the mesothelial lining of bodily cavities. A simple squamous epithelium is an epithelium composed entirely of squamous epithelial cells. Squamous epithelial cells are distinguished by their flatness, oblong nucleus, and scale-like appearance. When viewed from above, the cells are broader than they are tall, and thus appear hexagonal.
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which part of a nucleotide molecule encodes genetic information?
The part of a nucleotide molecule that encodes genetic information is the nitrogenous base.
What is nucleotide?A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. It is a molecule that consists of three components: a nitrogenous base, a sugar molecule, and a phosphate group. The nitrogenous base can be one of four types: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T) in DNA (or uracil (U) in RNA). The sugar molecule in DNA is deoxyribose, while the sugar molecule in RNA is ribose. The phosphate group is attached to the sugar molecule and gives the nucleotide a negative charge. The nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group are linked together to form a nucleotide. Nucleotides are joined together through a covalent bond between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar molecule of the next nucleotide, forming a long chain. This chain of nucleotides makes up the backbone of DNA or RNA. The specific sequence of the nitrogenous bases in DNA or RNA determines the genetic information carried by the molecule.
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Question:
What caused mass extinctions to occur at the end of the Permian and Cretaceous Periods, and how does this explain current worldwide reduction in biodiversity?
Extinction
Extinction is the phenomenon in which the last member of a species dies, and the species no longer exists. This extinction is a natural part of evolution and occurs when a species is no longer able to survive in their habitat. Sometimes extinction occurs as the result of large events that cause huge amounts of extinctions. These extinction events are referred to as mass extinctions and over 75% of the species on the earth will die during these.
The mass extinctions at the end of the Permian and Cretaceous Periods occurred due to widespread volcanic activities that lead to worldwide global warming. This created an anoxic environment which suffocated the living organisms and hence lead to reduction in biodiversity.
Extinction is the phenomenon of loss of all the individuals of a species. A species is said to be extinct when the last living organism of a species dies out. The extinction can be due to various reasons like loss of habitat, competition, etc.
Biodiversity is the different types of species present over a region. A region is said to be rich in biodiversity when a large number of different species are present together in that area.
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The biological species concept is inadequate for grouping
A) plants.
B) parasites.
C) asexual organisms.
D) animals that migrate.
E) sympatric populations.
For classifying asexual organisms, the biological species idea is inappropriate.
The biological species idea has several important drawbacks, including the inapplicability of it to the following: (1) fossil species; (2) animals that reproduce asexually or heavily rely on conscience; and (3) sexual creatures with unstructured mating processes (species that freely hybridize). Asexual organisms cannot be grouped using the biological species idea because it only pertains to sexually reproducing organisms. A group of creatures that can breed with one other in nature and create healthy offspring is referred to as a biological species. Concept of biological species. The naturalist Mayr (1942) gave the first and most popular description of what he called "biological species" in the nineteenth century, defining species as "groups of actually and potentially interbreeding natural
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What links amino acids together to make protein?
Peptide bonds link amino acids together to make proteins.
Amino acids are the monomers that make up proteins. A protein is made up of one or more polypeptides made up of amino acids. Twenty different types of amino acids are typically present in proteins. The core carbon atom, also referred to as the alpha (α) carbon, is joined to an amino group ([tex]NH_{2}[/tex]), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a hydrogen atom in the fundamental structure that all amino acids share.
A molecule of water is produced during the process of protein synthesis when the carboxyl group of the amino acid at the end of the expanding polypeptide chain combines with the amino group of an incoming amino acid. Peptide bonds, the resultant bond between amino acids. Thus, it is a peptide bond that links amino acids together to make proteins.
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Suppose you are analyzing a newly discovered unicellular organism to determine whether it should be classified as a prokaryote or eukaryote. Which approach should you take? Observe whether the organism moves about using flagella or cilia. Analyze the metabolic reactions taking place in the cytoplasm. Test whether the organism can carry out photosynthesis. Determine whether the organism uses cytoskeletal proteins to provide structure within its cell. Study the type of compartmentalization of functions within the cytoplasm.
The approach to be taken to analyze if a newly discovered organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic is: Study the type of compartmentalization of functions within the cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic organisms are the advanced type of organism with a true nucleus and various cell organelles. These cell organelles are involved in different functions which makes a cell functional and alive. Eukaryotic cell may be an animal cell or a plant cell.
Compartmentalization is the process of keeping the various sub-cellular structures separated from the cytoplasm inside the cell so as to maintain their structural integrity. This also ensures that the structures perform their functions efficiently.
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Although the cells of some prokaryotic species may adhere to one another within a matrix or form filaments, prokaryotes are fundamentally unicellular
Although cells of some prokaryotic species may adhere to one another within a matrix or form filaments, prokaryotes are fundamentally: unicellular.
What are prokaryotes?Prokaryotes are simple and single-celled organisms that lack nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are among the earliest forms of life on the Earth and are hence characterized by their small size and simple structure.
Prokaryotic cells perform all cellular functions on their own and do not depend on specialized organelles to carry out these functions and they are also capable of reproducing asexually, making identical copies of themselves.
Prokaryotic cells may form clusters or chains, but they will still be considered unicellular organisms.
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Fill The Blank? a shielded nucleus will absorb ______ from a deshielded nucleus and will have a ______ chemical shift.
A shielded nucleus will absorb upfield from a deshielded nucleus and will have a lower chemical shift.
In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, the chemical shift is a measure of the resonance frequency of a nucleus relative to a reference compound. The chemical shift depends on the electronic environment of the nucleus, which is affected by nearby atoms or groups of atoms.
When a nucleus is shielded, it means that there are electrons or electron-donating groups nearby that reduce the external magnetic field seen by the nucleus. This results in a lower resonance frequency (higher chemical shift) because the nucleus requires less energy to achieve resonance.
In contrast, a deshielded nucleus has fewer electrons or electron-donating groups nearby, which increases the external magnetic field seen by the nucleus. This results in a higher resonance frequency (lower chemical shift) because the nucleus requires more energy to achieve resonance.
The shielded and deshielded nuclei interact in NMR through a process called through-space coupling or through-bond coupling, which can result in absorption upfield (at a lower chemical shift) by a shielded nucleus from a deshielded nucleus, and vice versa.
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what rule did chargaff develop based on his study of dna?
Answer:
The number of guanine units equals the number of cytosine units and the number of adenine units equals the number of thymine units.
Explanation:
This strongly hinted towards the base pair makeup of the DNA.
villi are the tiny fingerlike projections inside the walls of which organ of the gi tract?
Villi are the tiny finger-like projections that protrude from the walls of the small intestine, which is a part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
What is villi?The small intestine is a long, narrow tube that is located between the stomach and the large intestine, and it is the primary site of nutrient absorption in the digestive system. The walls of the small intestine are lined with millions of tiny villi that increase the surface area available for the absorption of nutrients from the food we eat. Each villus contains a network of blood vessels and a lymphatic vessel called a lacteal, which help to transport nutrients from the small intestine to the rest of the body. The villi also contain specialized cells called enterocytes, which are responsible for absorbing nutrients from the food we eat and transporting them across the epithelial lining of the small intestine. Overall, the villi in the small intestine play a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients from our food, making them an important structure in the GI tract.
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How is compartmentalization different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Compartmentalization differences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are prokаryotes generаlly lаck internаl membrаne-bound orgаnelles but hаve internаl regions with speciаlized structures аnd functions. Eukаryotic cells mаintаin internаl membrаnes thаt pаrtition the cell into speciаlized regions.
Compаrtmentаlizаtion in orgаnisms creаtes the аbility to cаrry out cаtаbolic аnd аnаbolic reаctions аt the sаme time. In other words, if orgаnisms cаn section off pаrts of their cells they cаn be much more efficient аt gаthering nutrients, growing, аnd reproducing. Since аll orgаnisms аre in constаnt competition for resources, orgаnisms thаt аre аble to compаrtmentаlize their cells cаn reproduce more quickly.
While eukаryotic cells hаve mаny membrаne-bound orgаnelles thаt creаte different compаrtments, prokаryotic cells аlso hаve methods of compаrtmentаlizing their cells. Prokаryotic cells not only creаte а chаmber аround themselves in the periplаsmic spаce, but they cаn аlso compаrtmentаlize different аreаs of their cytoplаsm using proteins to complete аnаbolic аnd cаtаbolic reаctions in different аreаs.
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The sarcolemma of the cardiac muscle cells have fast voltage-gated ______ channels that participate in the depolarization of the cell membrane.
The sarcolemma of the cardiac muscle cells have fast voltage-gated sodium channels that participate in the depolarization of the cell membrane.
Every striated muscle fiber is covered by a thin, translucent, and extensible membrane called a sarcolemma. Its structure and layout are crucial for conducting and receiving impulses. Muscle tendons are created by the fusion of tendon fibers with the sarcolemma's outer layer at each end of a muscle fiber.
The muscle cell membrane depolarizes as a result of the inflow of cations (sodium and calcium) brought on by the activation of the nAChR. An action potential is produced as a result of the muscle membrane's high density of voltage-gated sodium channels being activated by this depolarization.
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what is the same about two species that are isoelectronic with each other
The same about two species that are isoelectronic with each other are mentioned below.
What is isoelectronic?
Isoelectronic describes atoms and ions with identical electron configurations. N3-, O2-, F-, Ne, Na+, Mg2+, and Al3+ are a few isoelectronic species examples (1s22s22p6). The isoelectron series P3-, S2-, Cl-, Ar, K+, Ca2+, and Sc3+ is another one ([Ne]3s23p6).
What is species ?
A group of people who actually or possibly interbreed in nature is commonly understood to be a species. The largest gene pool attainable in the wild is, in this sense, a species.
A group of atoms or ions with the same amount of electrons is referred to as an isoelectronic series. There are 10 electrons in each of these series.
Therefore, same about two species that are isoelectronic with each other are mentioned above.
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Sensory cells in the human eye can detect changes in light. The information obtained from these sensory cells is transmitted to the brain through neurons, and the brain determines the correct behavioral response. For example, if the intensity of light being detected by a person's eye rapidly increases, the nervous system might transmit information to the eye that causes the eyelid to close and block out the light. This is an example of a behavioral response that.
Human eyes have sensory cells that can recognise changes in light. Neurons carry the information that these sensory cells collect to the brain.
How do neurons work?The cells in charge of absorbing sensory information from the outside world, directing our muscles with motor commands, and converting and relaying electrical signals at each step along the way. They communicate with various organs by both receiving and sending signals. This is done through both electrical and physical means. The cell body, oligodendrocytes, and axons are this tiny structure's three principal components.
The structural and operational component of the nervous is the neuron.
What does cytoplasm mean?It serves as a catalyst for chemical reactions. It offers a base for other things to stand.
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Answer:
requires communication between cells and an organ system
Explanation:
because I got it right
Which characteristic was not necessary in order for plants to colonize land?
A. Vascular tissue for moving water throughout the plant
B. a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss
C. the ability to screen ultraviolet light
D. the development of thick spore walls to protect the spore from dehydration
E. development of embryos protected inside other tissues
The ability to screen ultraviolet light was not necessary in order for plants to colonize the land. Option C. is the right choice.
When plants first began to colonize land, they required a novel approach if they were going to be able to obtain nutrients and water without being submerged in it. We uncovered the genes that assisted early land plants in accomplishing this by the development of rhizomes, which are structures similar to roots that assisted them in remaining rooted in the ground and gaining access to water and nutrients.
Plants have, during the course of their evolution, gained various adaptations, such as leaves and roots, which have enabled them to exert control over water and colonize the land.
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____ is a developmental stage of an embryo in which a single layer of cells is surrounded by a space filled with fluid
Blastula stage is a developmental stage of an embryo in which a single layer of cells is surrounded by a space filled with fluid.
What is the blastula stage of an embryo?The blastula stage is a developmental stage of an embryo characterized by a single layer of cells surrounding a fluid-filled space.
What is the significance of the blastula stage in embryonic development?The blastula stage is a critical stage in embryonic development as it marks the formation of the blastocyst, which will eventually give rise to the three germ layers and all the tissues and organs of the embryo.
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Which statement is true?
1.) All living things need energy.
2.) Producers make their own food and do not carry out cellular respiration.
3.) Cellular respiration and breathing are the same thing.
Answer:
1.) All living things need energy.
5. What causes a water molecule to be polar?
Answer:The unequal sharing of electrons between the atoms and the unsymmetrical shape of the molecule means that a water molecule has two poles - a positive charge on the hydrogen pole (side) and a negative charge on the oxygen pole (side). We say that the water molecule is electrically polar.
Explanation:
the small bulge at the end of the axon that sends messages to other neurons are called
It moves nerve impulses from the cell and toward surrounding cells. The axon hillock is a little hump seen at the base of motor neuron axons. Every positive feedback loop or action potential starts at the axon hillock. The axon branches, creating the axon terminal.
What function do tiny message-sending terminals that are presently at the axon's end serve?Axon terminals are swellings or little knobs on the extremities of both the thinner fibers that branch out from the axon and are responsible for making connections with other nerve cells. They are termed as nerve endings, ending buttons, or synaptic knobs.
What does the transmission that the axon sends have a name?Action potentials are communication packets that are used to transfer data. When an action potential passes through a single neuron cell, an electrochemical cascade occurs, allowing a budget surplus more positively charged substances into the axon.
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Sorry if the picture is blurry
The statement that explains the limitation of the model is as follows: The model is limited to DNA and doesn't account for RNA (option A).
What is base pairing?Base pairing in molecular biology, is when two nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands are connected via hydrogen bonds.
During DNA replication, the DNA molecule separates into single strands. Each strand serves as basis for the other strand to be synthesized.
The base pairing model explains that a complementary DNA strand is synthesized to complement the original strand. However, one limitation of the model is that RNA is not covered.
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what hormone stimulates the secretion of gastric juice?
Answer:Gastrin
Gastrin is a peptide hormone primarily responsible for enhancing gastric mucosal growth, gastric motility, and secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach. It is present in G cells of the gastric antrum and duodenum.
Explanation:
What are the consequences of lipid bilayers forming two-dimensional sheets, the edges of which close on each other and undergo self-sealing to form vesicles (liposomes) for the structure of the biological membrane?
This characteristic of the lipid bilayer is due to the phospholipids' amphibathic nature.
Vesicles form where?Vesicles are constantly forming, especially near the lipid bilayer, ER, and hence the Golgi. Once they are formed, vesicles carry their contents to sites on or in the cell. A vesicle forms is when membrane extends and pinches off.
Phospholipids, which have two hydrophobic tails and a hydrophillic head (phosphor group), make up the majority of the membrane lipid bilayers (fatty acids). While the phenolic hydroxyl groups of both films are exposed out, the fatty acid tailed of one top interact only with fatty tails with another layer through hydrophobic interactions.
The hydrophobic group is thereby hidden inside the lipid bilayer while the hydrophilic group remains out to interact with the aqueous cell environment.
Lipid bilayers can surround cells, cellular organelles, etc. thanks to this characteristic.
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The complete question is-
Lipid bilayers formed between two aqueous phases have this important property : they form two-dimensional sheet, the edges of which close upon each other and undergo self-sealing to form vesicles ( liposomes). what properties of lipids are responsible for this property of bilayers? Explain what are the consequences of this property for the structure of biological membranes?
the double helix of dna is composed of building blocks called
The double helix of DNA is composed of building blocks called nucleotides.
How can it be explained in detail?The double helix of DNA is composed of building blocks called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T). The nucleotides are joined together by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, forming a sugar-phosphate backbone. The nitrogenous bases are attached to the sugar molecules and extend inward, pairing in a complementary fashion (A with T and C with G) to form the rungs of the DNA ladder.
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A man with a specific unusual genetic trait marries an unaffected woman and they have 4 children. Pedigrees of this family are shown in parts a) through e), but the presence or absence of the trait in the children is not indicated. For each type of inheritance indicate how many children of each sex are expected to express the trait by filling in the appropriate circles and squares. Assume that the trait is rare and fully penetrant.a) Autosomal recessive traitb) Autosomal dominant traitc) X-linked recessive traitd) X-linked dominant traite) Y-linked trait
A) Recessive autosomal trait. A family's pedigree might reveal how diseases are passed down through the generations.
One of parents must possess the trait for it to be dominant. No generation will be spared from dominant features. If a trait is recessive, either parent needs to have it in order for it to be present because they can both be heterozygous. Every time the appropriate gene is present, the trait also exists (generally). The parents both are heterozygous ("carriers") of the recessive phenotype if they share the trait but none of their children do. An autosomal recessive condition known as with cf (CF) is brought on by a change in the CFTR gene on chromosome 7. A family's pedigree might reveal how diseases are passed down through the generations. standard nomenclature for pedigrees. Simple symbols are employed.
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Finishes using microcapsules can provide the following effect:
fragrances, skin moisturizer, insect repellentTrue or False
Microcapsule-based finishes can have the effects like skin moisturization, fragrances, and insect repellent. So the statement is true.
Microencapsulation is a type of technology that helps to coat tiny liquid droplets or solid material using polymeric material. This polymeric material forms a continuous film covering the solid or liquid particles.
The particles are usually 3-800 μm in diameter and are referred to as microparticles. And the product formed by the microencapsulation process is referred to as microcapsules.
This technology in textile and cosmetic products helps to control the release of active ingredients in them. That is it helps to prolong the ingredient's functions. This also preserves fragrances, improves moisturizing effect, and insect repellent effects
Therefore, the given statement is true about microcapsules.
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During photosynthesis, the sunlight energy is converted into which form of chemical energy and how?
During photosynthesis, the sunlight energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of glucose molecules through a series of complex biochemical reactions.
This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and involves two stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.
In light-dependent reactions, light energy is absorbed by pigments such as chlorophyll, and this energy is used to create ATP, which is a molecule that stores energy. Additionally, water is split into oxygen and hydrogen ions, with the hydrogen ions being used to generate another energy-rich molecule called NADPH.
In the light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle, the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions are used to fix carbon dioxide into glucose. This process involves a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that ultimately produce glucose molecules. The glucose is then either used by the plant for energy or stored as starch for later use.
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______ microscopes bounce electrons off the outside of a metal-coated three-dimensional object to observe the exterior texture.
Scanning electron microscopes bounce electrons off the outside of a metal-coated three-dimensional object to observe the exterior texture.
The definition of scanning electron microscopes (SEM).In contrast to visible light, electrons are used in electron microscopes to produce images. The electron beam must be focused, and a vacuum is required to employ electrons for microscopy. A three-dimensional image of the sample's surface is produced once the beam bounces off the sample. Higher resolution is achieved because the electrons' wavelength is significantly less than that of light coming from a lamp or a laser. Your sample must be electrically conductive to allow the electrons to bounce off of it while using a scanning electron microscope. A thin covering of gold or another metal is frequently applied to samples before being examined using scanning electron microscopes.
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