The size of the human genome is 3.2x109bp. The 3.2kb long fragment is to be amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using the human genome as a template. How many cycles of PCR is necessary for the amplified target sequence at least 50% (by mass) of the total DNA in the reaction mixture. Explain how you arrived to this number.

Answers

Answer 1
20 cycles of PCR is necessary for the amplification target sequence

Mass is proportional to sequence length.

Let one base pair have mass M.

Thus,

[tex]3.2*10^9 bp[/tex] will have mass [tex](3.2*10^9) * M[/tex]

And the 3.2kb target will have a mass of

For the total amount of amplified target sequence to constitute 50% (by mass) of the total DNA in the reaction mixture, it has to be amplified to such an extent that the total mass of the amplicon matter is also [tex](3.2 * 109) * M[/tex]

PCR amplification happens geometrically, doubling the DNA target with each cycle.

Thus, if the number of cycles in N,

Then,

[tex](3.2 * 10^9) x M = 3.2 x 1000 x M x (2)N\\\\or 10^6 = (2)^N\\\\or 6 = N log2\\\\or N = \frac{6}{log2} = 20[/tex]

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Related Questions

HELP ME PLEASE !!!!!!!!!!!

Answers

Answer:

with what

Explanation:

PLEASE help me code this! (Medical billing & coding)

The physician reported a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder. Assign the codes for this encounter

-PLEASE provide the steps on how you found the codes or code

Answers

Answer:

Anxiety is a feeling of uncontrollable nervousness, fear, apprehension, and worry that can range from mild unsettling to severe debilitation. Anxiety occurs normally in everyday life and is useful when alerting a person to danger, but it becomes concerning when it disrupts normal activities. The exact cause of anxiety is unknown, but it is believed stress may be one trigger.

Explanation:

Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Common signs and symptoms of anxiety include feelings of apprehension, powerlessness, panic, or fear; hyperventilation; inability to be still or calm; increased heart rate; muscle tension; sweating; tiredness/weakness; and trembling.

A diagnosis of anxiety is made with a physical examination and psychological evaluations. The physical examination and diagnostic tests, if necessary, are performed to rule out other conditions that may mimic an anxiety state. Anxiety can lead to other medical conditions such as constipation, diarrhea, depression, drug/alcohol abuse, headaches, and insomnia.

Coding and sequencing for anxiety disorders are dependent on the physician documentation in the medical record and application of the Official Coding Guidelines for inpatient care. Also, use specific AHA Coding Clinic for ICD-9-CM and American Medical Association CPT Assistant references to ensure complete and accurate coding.

Describe capillary puncture procedures.

Answers

Explanation:

The procedure is easier and less painful than traditional venipuncture which draws blood from a vein. In order to collect blood with a capillary tube, the appropriate site must be cleaned and punctured with a lancet so that a drop of blood can be gently expressed.

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Please Help! I don't know if I coded this right or not. (Medical Coding & billing)

The physician reported a level 4 service. A complete EKG & Spirometry.

-What are the codes & please provides the steps on how you found the answer. Thanks!

Answers

Answer:

380-the real code this time

Explanation:

95×4=380

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Question 60 (5 points)
What is the minimum number of minutes of daily physical activity recommended by the Choosemyplate.gov?
са
10
b
75
ООО
С
30
d
60

Answers

Answer:

C) 30 minutes

Explanation:

The PAG (physical activity guidelines) recommends at least 30 minutes of physical activity in a daily basis.

What is the flow of blood through the heart?

Answers

Answer:

1. De-oxygenated blood from the superior & inferior vena cava empties into the right atrium

2. Through the tricuspid valve

3. Into right ventricle

4 Through pulmonary semi-lunar valve

5. Pulmonary artery (unique* carries de-oxygenated blood)

6. Lungs

7. Pulmonary veins (unique* carries oxygenated blood)

8. Left atrium

9. Through bicuspid valve/mitral valve

10. Left ventricle

11. Through Aortic semi lunar valve

12. Aorta

Explanation:

Is there any difference between premature and preterm babies??

Answers

Answer:

there is I think is this for science?

Preterm labor is labor that begins early, before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Labor is the process your body goes through to give birth to your baby. Preterm labor can lead to premature birth. Premature birth is when your baby is born early, before 37 weeks of pregnancy.

Name a diagnostic imaging test and what it is used to diagnose?

Answers

Answer:

Hi mate

Explanation:

Medical imaging developed rapidly to play a central role in medicine today by supporting diagnosis and treatment of a disease. Medical imaging encompasses technologies like ultrasonography, x-rays, mammography, computed tomography (CT scans), and nuclear medicine

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discuss the physiological reasons why we get old​

Answers

Answer:

its normal we get old we are living beings its a natural process

i hope its helps you

Answer: According to this theory, aging happens because the body loses its ability to repair DNA damage. Cross-linkage theory. This theory claims that aging is due to the buildup of cross-linked proteins, which damages cells and slows biological functions

1After the IRB reviews and approves your protocol, informed consent, and associated documents, you should receive:

Answers

After approbation, you should receive written notification of the IRB decision and the approved versions of the protocol and informed consent forms. IRB reviews all research projects involving humans.

The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is a panel of experts designated to review biomedical investigations involving human subjects.

This Board (IRB) reviews all research projects before the step of data collection in order to approve (when appropriated), disapprove or modify them.

The main classes of IRB reviews include exempt, expedited, and full.

Learn more about the IRB here:

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DID I CLICK THE RIGHT ONE SOMEONE IT IS MY LAST QUESTION SOMEONE HELP PLEASE

Answers

Answer:

11mL

Explanation:

hope this helps


Can someone explain to me what this means? It’s on my medical file or something and i have thoracic outlet syndrome but I have no clue what all these words are lol. Not really homework but hoping someone can explain to me

Answers

Answer:

pretty much it's high blood pressure but just in a certain area of the body only.

In which area would a veterinary scientist NOT consider the possibility of running across anthrax? A. Antarctica B. the Southeastern United States C. the United Kingdom D. Anthrax is found all over the world.

Answers

Answer:

D

Explanation:

Anthrax is found all around the world

Anthrax is found everywhere, so there is no place where a veterinary scientist would not consider the possibility of running across anthrax. The correct option is D.

What is anthrax?

An uncommon bacterial disease called anthrax is spread through mosquitoes, insects, and other animals. Victims may feel unwell, develop skin ulcers, or experience respiratory problems. Anthracis produces dry spores that can spread through the materials for a very long time after the first release.

Anthrax is thought to have originated in Egypt and Mesopotamia. Currently, it is present in the areas of central and South America, Africa, and Asia.

The three types of anthrax are:

cutaneous (skin)inhalation (lungs)gastrointestinal (stomach/intestine)

Therefore, the correct option is D. Anthrax is found all over the world.

To learn more about anthrax, refer to the link:

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According to a report by the American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) on December 23, new research shows that the number of deaths in my country during the first and second waves of the new crown epidemic may be severely underestimated, especially among the elderly and the poor. The actual number may be It is 12 times higher than the official statistics, that is, more than 6 million people. According to the report, if this data is accurate, my country will become the country with the largest number of deaths from the new crown epidemic in the world so far, surpassing the 811,000 people in the United States.

Answers

Answer:

It sounds like it would be one of the worst countries in the world for c-19. That sounds like it checks out, but could you provide a link?

Also, what is your question?

When fluid seeps into the abdominal cavity this is called?

Answers

Answer:

Ascites (ay-SITE-eez) is when too much fluid builds up in your abdomen (belly). This condition often happens in people who have cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver. A sheet of tissue called the peritoneum covers the abdominal organs, including the stomach, bowels, liver and kidneys. The peritoneum has two layers.

DID I CLICK THE RIGHT ONE SOMEONE TELL ME

Answers

Answer:

i think no try another one

Pv = Fv - Dv is diluent formula

Answer:
B

Explanation:

Pv= Powder volume
Fv= Final volume
Dv = Diluent volume

Needed this asap, what are the dangers of constipation​

Answers

Answer:

The dangers of constipation are:

Swollen veins in your anus. Straining to have a bowel movement may cause swelling in the veins in and around your anus.Torn skin in your anus A large or hard stool can cause tiny tears in the anus.Stool that can't be expelled. Chronic constipation may cause an accumulation of hardened stool that gets stuck in your intestines.Intestine that protrudes from the anus Straining to have a bowel movement can cause a small amount of the rectum to stretch and protrude from the anus.
You could get swollen veins, torn skin which causes some stretch marks, and stool that can’t be removed

What would happen if a person who is undergoing chemotherapy were given a live virus vaccine against polio

Answers

Answer:

They would contract the polio disease due to weakened immune system

Explanation:

Because the persons immune system is weak and compromised, they would most likely contract the polio disease.

Chronic migraine sufferers should

Answers

Answer:

People who suffer from chronic migraines should consult their doctor to get their opinion and a potential diagnosis. Migraine can be formed by pinched nerves, stress, or a potential disorder. If you have a migrain, in order to self treat it you should lay down in a dark room with a cool rag over your eyes. Too much movement can cause dizziness and in worse cases hallucinations.

Talk to their doctor and get the doctors opinion

whats something that affects your social relationships in a positive way and why? Please help

Answers

Answer:

Something would be your clothes

Explanation:

everybody says that "first impression is the most important" and that also means your clothes beceause, you can have Einstein's brain and it doesn't matter at first glance it matters only how you look (clothes, hair, etc.)

Smoking status is an example of what type of variable

Answers

Smoking status is an example of what type of variable.

Answer ; Smoking is a categorical ordinal variable.

Hope it's helpful to you and like my answer

A(n) __________ is created when sperm meets egg and contains all DNA necessary to create a person. A. zygote B. blastocyst C. embryo D. fetus Please select the best answer from the choices provided. A B C D

Answers

Answer:

A

Explanation:

Answer:

It should be: A. Zygote Broski

Explanation:

Hope this helps!

Also comment if I'm correct pls!

here is the second question <3

Answers

Answer:

A

Explanation:

The other 3 for a fact can grant medication but a pharmacy technician is that they greet the patient and accept their prescription. Next, they input the prescription date into the computer and process the patient's insurance. The pharmacy technician will then fill the prescription and prepare it to be sold to the patient.

i hope this helps <3

8. According to the National Center on Elder Abuse, family members
account for a small percentage of abuse against elders.
_True False

Answers

Answer:

True

Explanation:

True.
Many elders experience abuse from their family. This Can happen outside of nursing homes or inside when family visits

A common type of medical instrument tray that is used for the removal of a nail is called _______ tray?

Answers

Answer:

A hemostat to achieve matricectomy: the process of surgically or chemically destroying all or part of the base nail portion called the nail matrix.

Type 1 diabetes is caused by overweight or obesity. an autoimmune disorder. induced by inappropriate lifestyle choices. the most common diabetes disorder.

Answers

Answer:

Type 2 diabetes, the most common type of diabetes, is a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, is too high.

Explanation:

DOES ANYONE KNOW THE AWNSER PLEASE HELP

Answers

Answer:

It's B

Explanation:

Hope this helps

May I get Braineist Pls?

DOES ANYONE KNOW PLEASE HELP !

Answers

it's B.in m from weight and height

DID I CLICK THE RIGHT ONE
help me lord

Answers

Answer:

the answer is A

Explanation:

Hope this helps

The correct answer is C

This client has high blood pressure and a low heart rate. How does high blood pressure lead to a low heart rate

Answers

the tissue of the heart may become thicker in an attempt to beat harder due to the increase in blood pressure. It's harder for this thickened tissue to conduct electrical impulses. As a result, your pulse might slow down because it takes longer to transmit electrical impulses

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